M/478 - Greenhouse gas emissions

Measurement of GHG emissions in ferroalloy industry by a verified determination method. This standard is result of the acceptance of M/478 whereby six standards will be developed: one general standard and five sector-specific.

The standard will describe those aspects of standardized GHG emissions reporting which shall be harmonized between the different covered sectors/standards, e.g. general aspects of defining system boundaries and performance assessment, general requirements for monitoring and reporting, measuring, balancing and verification, assessment of uncertainties. This standard shall furthermore ensure that other existing standards are recognized and applied.

Determination of GHG direct and indirect emissions based on a mass balance method at each process step for the steel industry. Definition of performance indicators will be included as well as rules for consolidation of processes at site level. The objective is the determination of a methodology to evaluate and compare the emission performance over time or between sites. Field test will be organized to compare mass balance methodology and stack measurements for assessment of direct emissions.

Determination of GHG emissions based on a balance mass method for the cement industry. Definition of performance indicators will be included. The objective is the verification process to evaluate and compare the input and output method for determining CO2 emissions from the clinker buring process. The standard will describe a verified determination method.

The verified standard covers the determination of the most significant GHG emissions and their sources during the (do)lime production process; starting in the quarry; and ending at the run-of-kiln (do)lime product. The standard also covers some optional common downstream processes such as "milling" and "hydration".

The verified standard specifies (describes) a calculation method for monitoring GHG emissions from primary aluminium smelters including anode production. The GHG emissions include specifically carbon dioxide (CO2) and perfluorocarbon (PFC).

This European Standard provides a harmonized methodology for calculating GHG emissions from the ferro-alloys industry based on the mass balance approach . It also provides key performance indicators over time of ferro-alloys plants.  It addresses the following direct and indirect sources of GHG:
-   Scope 1  - Direct GHG emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the company, such as emissions result from the following sources:
-   smelting (reduction) process;
-   decomposition of carbonates inside the furnace;
-   auxiliaries operation related to the smelting operation (i.e. aggregates, drying processes, heating of ladles, etc.).
-   Scope 2 - Indirect GHG emissions from:
-   the generation of purchased electricity consumed in the company’s owned or controlled equipment.
This European Standard is to be used in conjunction with FprEN 19694-1, which contains generic, overall requirements, definitions and rules applicable to the determination of GHG emissions for all energy-intensive sectors, provides common methodological issues and defines the details for applying the rules. The application of this standard to the sector-specific standards ensures accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the results and is for this reason a normative reference standard. The requirements of these standards do not supersede legislative requirements.

This European Standard specifies a harmonized method for calculating the emissions of greenhouse gases from the electrolysis section of primary aluminium smelters and aluminium anode baking plants. It also specifies key performance indicators for the purpose of benchmarking of aluminium. This also defines the boundaries.
NOTE   Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of this standard.

This European Standard specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating GHG emissions from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by different basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international group basis. It addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included [1]:
-   Direct GHG emissions (scope 1) from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization, such as emissions result from the following sources:
-   process: calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw materials;
-   combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to clinker production and/or drying of raw materials and fuels;
-   combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room heating/cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana);
-   combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
-   combustion of carbon contained in wastewater.
-   Energy indirect GHG emissions (scope 2) from the generation of purchased electricity consumed in the  organization’s owned or controlled equipment;
-   Other indirect GHG emissions (scope 3) from bought clinker. Excluded from this standard are all other scope 3 emissions from the cement industry.

This European Standard provides a harmonized methodology for calculating GHG emissions from the lime industry. It includes the manufacture of lime, and any downstream lime products manufactured at the plant, such as ground or hydrated lime. This standard allows for reporting of GHG emissions for various purposes and on different basis, such as plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or international organization basis.
Since lime is defined as the generic name for quicklime, dolime and sintered dolime, plants manufacturing at least one of these products shall be covered by this standard.
This European Standard addresses all of the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included as defined in ISO 14064 1:
-   direct greenhouse gas emissions from greenhouse gas sources that are owned or controlled by the company, such as emissions resulting from the following sources:
-   calcination of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in the kiln stone;
-   combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass fuels and bio fuels) related to lime production and/or drying of raw materials;
-   combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass fuels and bio fuels) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, heating/cooling and other on-site uses;
-   combustion of fuels for on-site power generation.
-   indirect greenhouse gas emissions from the generation of imported electricity, heat or steam consumed by the organization;
-   other indirect greenhouse gas emissions, other than energy indirect GHG emissions, which is a consequence of an organization's activities, but arises from greenhouse gas sources that are owned or controlled by other organizations such as from imported kiln stone.
This European Standard is to be used in conjunction with EN 19694-1, which contains generic, overall requirements, definitions and rules applicable to the determination of GHG emissions for all energy-intensive sectors, provides common methodological issues and defines the details for applying the rules. The application of this standard to the sector-specific standards ensures accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the results and is for this reason a normative reference standard.
Together these standards provide a harmonized method for:
a)   measuring, testing and quantifying methods for GHG emissions;
b)   assessing the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over time, at production sites;
c)   establishment and provision of reliable, accurate and quality information for reporting and verification purposes.
GHG emissions offset mechanisms, including but not limited to voluntary offset schemes or nationally or internationally recognized offset mechanisms, shall not be used at any point in the GHG assessment according to this standard.

This European Standard specifies the principles and requirements for the determination of GHG emissions from sector-specific sources as of the steel and iron, cement, aluminium, lime and ferroalloy producing industry.
This European Standard specifies in particular definitions and rules valid to all above enlisted sector-specific standards, provides common methodological issues and defines the details for applying the rules for the harmonized methods, which include:
a)   measuring, testing and quantifying methods for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the above mentioned sector-specific sources in the cited standards;
b)   assessment of the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over time, at production sites;
c)   establishment and provision of reliable, accurate and quality information for reporting and verification purposes.
The application of this standard to the other sector-specific standards in this series ensures accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the obtained results and is for this reason a normative reference standard, umbrella standard respectively.

This European Standard provides a harmonized methodology for calculating GHG emissions and GHG performance in the steel industry.
This European Standard applies to facilities producing any of the multiple products of the steel value chain. It is supported by a set of worksheets [1].
This European Standard deals with the specific aspects for the determination of GHG emissions from steel production and the assessment of emission performance. This standard is to be used in conjunction with EN 19694-1, which contains overall requirements, definitions and rules applicable to the determination of GHG emissions for energy-intensive sectors, thereby providing a common methodological approach.
EN 19694-1 and EN 19694-2 provide a harmonized method for:
a)   measuring, testing and quantifying methods for the determination of  greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions;
b)   assessing the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over time, at production sites;
c)   the establishment and provision of reliable and accurate information of proper quality for reporting and verification purposes.
In addition, this standard provides a stepwise approach for the determination of CO2 emissions and the assessment of CO2 performance of steel facilities, providing a set of methodologies allowing for a fair and reliable assessment of the CO2 performance of each individual process along the steel production value chain.
It can be seen as a toolbox which enables the determination of CO2 emissions and the assessment of CO2 performance of steel production facilities at various levels of disaggregation, establishing a sound system for:
-   the evaluation of the global CO2 performance of a steel production facility taking its production structure into account;
-   setting a reliable basis for evaluation of the CO2 reduction potential in a facility and the contributing processes;
-   setting a basis for accurate evaluation of new technologies.
Next to the determination of the direct and indirect CO2 emissions of a steel facility, this standard has a strong focus on performance assessment which it strives to address through the following aspects:
-   assessment of CO2 impact, including process emissions: this methodology evaluates the total CO2 emission of a steel facility, with the carbon content of the waste gases burdened as CO2 to the processes giving rise to them;
-   assessment of the actual CO2 impact: this methodology evaluates the total CO2 emissions released by a steel facility, but considers waste gases exported or used in a power plant as equal to natural gas in terms of CO2 emissions;
-   carbon input CO2 performance at facility level: this methodology delivers an indicator comparing the facility performance with best practice, on the basis of the carbon input to the system;
-   CO2 performance assessment at process level: this methodology delivers a set of indicators comparing process performance with best practice at unit level. These indicators are then combined as a consolidated figure for the whole facility. This methodology also provides a theoretical assessment of the CO2 saving potential up to best practice.