ISO 19112:2003
(Main)Geographic information — Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers
Geographic information — Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers
ISO 19112:2003 defines the conceptual schema for spatial references based on geographic identifiers. It establishes a general model for spatial referencing using geographic identifiers, defines the components of a spatial reference system and defines the essential components of a gazetteer. Spatial referencing by coordinates is not addressed in this document; however, a mechanism for recording complementary coordinate references is included. ISO 19112:2003 assists users in understanding the spatial references used in datasets. It enables gazetteers to be constructed in a consistent manner and supports the development of other standards in the field of geographic information. It is applicable to digital geographic data, and its principles may be extended to other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and textual documents.
Information géographique — Système de références spatiales par identificateurs géographiques
Geografske informacije – Lociranje z geografskimi identifikatorji
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19112
First edition
2003-10-15
Geographic information — Spatial
referencing by geographic identifiers
Information géographique — Système de références spatiales par
identificateurs géographiques
Reference number
ISO 19112:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Conformance . 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms and definitions. 2
5 Notation. 2
5.1 Unified Modelling Language (UML). 2
5.2 Attribute tables. 4
6 Concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers. 4
6.1 Spatial referencing using geographic identifiers . 4
6.2 Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers . 5
6.3 Gazetteers. 5
7 Requirements for spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers. 6
7.1 Attributes of a spatial reference system using geographic identifiers . 6
7.2 Attributes of a location type. 7
8 Requirements for gazetteers. 9
8.1 Properties of a gazetteer . 9
8.2 Attributes of location instance . 10
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suites. 13
Annex B (informative) Example spatial reference system using geographic identifiers. 15
Annex C (informative) Examples of gazetteer data. 16
Bibliography . 19
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19112 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
iv © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
Introduction
Geographic information contains geospatial references that relate the features and information represented in
the data or text to positions in geographic space. Spatial references fall into two categories:
a) those using coordinates;
b) those using geographic identifiers.
This International Standard deals only with spatial referencing by geographic identifiers. This type of spatial
reference is sometimes called “indirect”. Spatial referencing by coordinates is the subject of ISO 19111.
Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers are not based explicitly on coordinates but on a
relationship with a location defined by a geographic feature or features. The relationship of the position to the
feature may be as follows:
a) containment, where the position is within the geographic feature, for example in a country;
b) based on local measurements, where the position is defined relative to a fixed point or points in the
geographic feature or features, for example at a given distance along a street from a junction with another
street;
c) loosely related, where the position has a fuzzy relationship with the geographic feature or features, for
example adjacent to a building or between two buildings.
The purpose of this International Standard is to specify ways to define and describe systems of spatial
references using geographic identifiers. However, it only covers the definition and recording of the referencing
feature, and does not consider the forms of the relationship of the position relative to that feature.
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19112:2003(E)
Geographic information — Spatial referencing by geographic
identifiers
1 Scope
This International Standard defines the conceptual schema for spatial references based on geographic
identifiers. It establishes a general model for spatial referencing using geographic identifiers, defines the
components of a spatial reference system and defines the essential components of a gazetteer.
Spatial referencing by coordinates is addressed in ISO 19111. However, a mechanism for recording
complementary coordinate references is included.
This International Standard enables producers of data to define spatial reference systems using geographic
identifiers and assists users in understanding the spatial references used in datasets. It enables gazetteers to
be constructed in a consistent manner and supports the development of other standards in the field of
geographic information.
This International Standard is applicable to digital geographic data, and its principles may be extended to
other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and textual documents.
2 Conformance
Two classes of conformance are defined for this International Standard:
any spatial reference system for which conformance with this document is claimed shall pass all the
requirements described in the abstract test suite given in Clause A.1.
any gazetteer for which conformance with this document is claimed shall pass all the requirements
described in the abstract test suite given in Clause A.2.
The definition of an abstract test suite is given in ISO 19105.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19105:2000, Geographic information — Conformance and testing
ISO 19107:2003, Geographic information — Spatial schema
ISO 19111:2003, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19115:2003, Geographic information — Metadata
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
feature
abstraction of real world phenomena
NOTE A feature may occur as a type or an instance. Feature type or instance shall be used when only one is meant.
[ISO 19101: 2002]
4.2
gazetteer
directory of instances of a class or classes of features containing some information regarding position
NOTE The positional information need not be coordinates, but could be descriptive.
4.3
geographic identifier
spatial reference in the form of a label or code that identifies a location
EXAMPLE “Spain” is an example of a country name; “SW1P 3AD” is an example of a postcode.
4.4
location
identifiable geographic place
EXAMPLE “Eiffel Tower”, “Madrid”, “California”
4.5
spatial reference
description of position in the real world
NOTE This may take the form of a label, code or set of coordinates.
4.6
spatial reference system
system for identifying position in the real world
5 Notation
5.1 Unified Modelling Language (UML)
The diagrams that appear in this document are presented using the Unified Modelling Language (UML) static
structure diagram with the ISO Interface Definition Language (IDL) basic type definitions and the UML Object
Constraint Language (OCL) as the conceptual schema language. The UML notations used in this standard
are described in Figure 1.
2 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
Figure 1 — UML notation
This International Standard defines the following UML packages:
SI_Gazetteer;
SI_LocationInstance;
SI_LocationType.
Reference is made to the following UML packages defined in other International Standards:
EX_GeographicExtent, defined in the Extent package in ISO 19115:2003;
EX_TemporalExtent, defined in the Extent package in ISO 19115:2003;
CI_ResponsibleParty, defined in Citation in ISO 19115:2003;
GM_Point, defined in the Geometry package in ISO 19107:2003;
SC_CRS, defined in ISO 19111:2003.
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
5.2 Attribute tables
The tables of attributes that appear in this International Standard show the following elements:
element name: a label assigned to the element;
description: the element description;
obligation: whether the element shall always be recorded (M), or is optional (O), or is
conditional on the stated condition being met (C);
maximum occurrence: the number of instances that the element may have, one (1) or many (N);
data type: a set of distinct values representing the element;
domain: the values allowed or the use of free text.
6 Concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers
6.1 Spatial referencing using geographic identifiers
The position of a feature is identified by a spatial reference. Where a geographic identifier is used as this
spatial reference, it uniquely identifies a location. This location is a feature used to reference other features.
NOTE The spatial reference of a feature in a geographic dataset is usually held as an attribute of the feature, and
defines an association with a location. The relationship with the location is usually that of containment within. However,
more complex spatial references may be constructed using relationships such as “adjacent to” and “distance along”
together with a measured distance and direction from the location identified. Reference systems for roads and railways are
often based on a measured distance from one node (end point or intersection) along a link (road or track). The spatial
reference system used in a dataset forms part of the metadata for that dataset, as defined in ISO 19115.
These concepts are illustrated in Figure 2, which applies at both the type and instance level.
Figure 2 — The concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers
4 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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ISO 19112:2003(E)
6.2 Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers
A spatial reference system using geographic identifiers comprises a related set of one or more location types,
together with their corresponding geographic identifiers. These location types may be related to each other
through aggregation or disaggregation, possibly forming a hierarchy.
Examples of spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 — Examples of spatial reference systems
Spatial reference system Location type Geographic identifiers
countries as defined in ISO 3166-1 country country name
country code
set of population centres in a region town town name
addresses in a town property property address
hydrological hierarchy river basin river basin name
river river name
river reach river reach reference
link – node link link code
6.3 Gazetteers
A gazetteer is a directory of geographic identifiers describing location instances. It will contain additional
information regarding the position of each location instance. It may include a coordinate reference, but it may
also be purely descriptive. If it contains a coordinate reference, this will enable transformation from the spatial
reference system using geographic identifiers to the coordinate reference system. If it contains a descriptive
reference, this will be a spatial reference using a different spatial reference system with geographic identifiers,
for example the postcode of a property. For any location type, there may be more than one gazetteer.
The relationships among spatial reference system, location and gazetteer are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 — Spatial reference system using geographic identifiers
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
7 Requirements for spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers
7.1 Attributes of a spatial reference system using geographic identifiers
A spatial reference system using geographic identifiers shall comprise one or more location types (which may
be related). Each location instance shall be uniquely identified by means of a geographic identifier.
A spatial reference system using geographic identifiers shall be minimally described by the following
attributes:
name;
theme;
overall owner;
territory of use.
Details of these elements are shown in Table 2. A UML schema
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19112
First edition
2003-10-15
Geographic information — Spatial
referencing by geographic identifiers
Information géographique — Système de références spatiales par
identificateurs géographiques
Reference number
ISO 19112:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Conformance . 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms and definitions. 2
5 Notation. 2
5.1 Unified Modelling Language (UML). 2
5.2 Attribute tables. 4
6 Concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers. 4
6.1 Spatial referencing using geographic identifiers . 4
6.2 Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers . 5
6.3 Gazetteers. 5
7 Requirements for spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers. 6
7.1 Attributes of a spatial reference system using geographic identifiers . 6
7.2 Attributes of a location type. 7
8 Requirements for gazetteers. 9
8.1 Properties of a gazetteer . 9
8.2 Attributes of location instance . 10
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suites. 13
Annex B (informative) Example spatial reference system using geographic identifiers. 15
Annex C (informative) Examples of gazetteer data. 16
Bibliography . 19
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19112 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
iv © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
Introduction
Geographic information contains geospatial references that relate the features and information represented in
the data or text to positions in geographic space. Spatial references fall into two categories:
a) those using coordinates;
b) those using geographic identifiers.
This International Standard deals only with spatial referencing by geographic identifiers. This type of spatial
reference is sometimes called “indirect”. Spatial referencing by coordinates is the subject of ISO 19111.
Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers are not based explicitly on coordinates but on a
relationship with a location defined by a geographic feature or features. The relationship of the position to the
feature may be as follows:
a) containment, where the position is within the geographic feature, for example in a country;
b) based on local measurements, where the position is defined relative to a fixed point or points in the
geographic feature or features, for example at a given distance along a street from a junction with another
street;
c) loosely related, where the position has a fuzzy relationship with the geographic feature or features, for
example adjacent to a building or between two buildings.
The purpose of this International Standard is to specify ways to define and describe systems of spatial
references using geographic identifiers. However, it only covers the definition and recording of the referencing
feature, and does not consider the forms of the relationship of the position relative to that feature.
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19112:2003(E)
Geographic information — Spatial referencing by geographic
identifiers
1 Scope
This International Standard defines the conceptual schema for spatial references based on geographic
identifiers. It establishes a general model for spatial referencing using geographic identifiers, defines the
components of a spatial reference system and defines the essential components of a gazetteer.
Spatial referencing by coordinates is addressed in ISO 19111. However, a mechanism for recording
complementary coordinate references is included.
This International Standard enables producers of data to define spatial reference systems using geographic
identifiers and assists users in understanding the spatial references used in datasets. It enables gazetteers to
be constructed in a consistent manner and supports the development of other standards in the field of
geographic information.
This International Standard is applicable to digital geographic data, and its principles may be extended to
other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and textual documents.
2 Conformance
Two classes of conformance are defined for this International Standard:
any spatial reference system for which conformance with this document is claimed shall pass all the
requirements described in the abstract test suite given in Clause A.1.
any gazetteer for which conformance with this document is claimed shall pass all the requirements
described in the abstract test suite given in Clause A.2.
The definition of an abstract test suite is given in ISO 19105.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19105:2000, Geographic information — Conformance and testing
ISO 19107:2003, Geographic information — Spatial schema
ISO 19111:2003, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19115:2003, Geographic information — Metadata
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
feature
abstraction of real world phenomena
NOTE A feature may occur as a type or an instance. Feature type or instance shall be used when only one is meant.
[ISO 19101: 2002]
4.2
gazetteer
directory of instances of a class or classes of features containing some information regarding position
NOTE The positional information need not be coordinates, but could be descriptive.
4.3
geographic identifier
spatial reference in the form of a label or code that identifies a location
EXAMPLE “Spain” is an example of a country name; “SW1P 3AD” is an example of a postcode.
4.4
location
identifiable geographic place
EXAMPLE “Eiffel Tower”, “Madrid”, “California”
4.5
spatial reference
description of position in the real world
NOTE This may take the form of a label, code or set of coordinates.
4.6
spatial reference system
system for identifying position in the real world
5 Notation
5.1 Unified Modelling Language (UML)
The diagrams that appear in this document are presented using the Unified Modelling Language (UML) static
structure diagram with the ISO Interface Definition Language (IDL) basic type definitions and the UML Object
Constraint Language (OCL) as the conceptual schema language. The UML notations used in this standard
are described in Figure 1.
2 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
Figure 1 — UML notation
This International Standard defines the following UML packages:
SI_Gazetteer;
SI_LocationInstance;
SI_LocationType.
Reference is made to the following UML packages defined in other International Standards:
EX_GeographicExtent, defined in the Extent package in ISO 19115:2003;
EX_TemporalExtent, defined in the Extent package in ISO 19115:2003;
CI_ResponsibleParty, defined in Citation in ISO 19115:2003;
GM_Point, defined in the Geometry package in ISO 19107:2003;
SC_CRS, defined in ISO 19111:2003.
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
5.2 Attribute tables
The tables of attributes that appear in this International Standard show the following elements:
element name: a label assigned to the element;
description: the element description;
obligation: whether the element shall always be recorded (M), or is optional (O), or is
conditional on the stated condition being met (C);
maximum occurrence: the number of instances that the element may have, one (1) or many (N);
data type: a set of distinct values representing the element;
domain: the values allowed or the use of free text.
6 Concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers
6.1 Spatial referencing using geographic identifiers
The position of a feature is identified by a spatial reference. Where a geographic identifier is used as this
spatial reference, it uniquely identifies a location. This location is a feature used to reference other features.
NOTE The spatial reference of a feature in a geographic dataset is usually held as an attribute of the feature, and
defines an association with a location. The relationship with the location is usually that of containment within. However,
more complex spatial references may be constructed using relationships such as “adjacent to” and “distance along”
together with a measured distance and direction from the location identified. Reference systems for roads and railways are
often based on a measured distance from one node (end point or intersection) along a link (road or track). The spatial
reference system used in a dataset forms part of the metadata for that dataset, as defined in ISO 19115.
These concepts are illustrated in Figure 2, which applies at both the type and instance level.
Figure 2 — The concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers
4 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
6.2 Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers
A spatial reference system using geographic identifiers comprises a related set of one or more location types,
together with their corresponding geographic identifiers. These location types may be related to each other
through aggregation or disaggregation, possibly forming a hierarchy.
Examples of spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 — Examples of spatial reference systems
Spatial reference system Location type Geographic identifiers
countries as defined in ISO 3166-1 country country name
country code
set of population centres in a region town town name
addresses in a town property property address
hydrological hierarchy river basin river basin name
river river name
river reach river reach reference
link – node link link code
6.3 Gazetteers
A gazetteer is a directory of geographic identifiers describing location instances. It will contain additional
information regarding the position of each location instance. It may include a coordinate reference, but it may
also be purely descriptive. If it contains a coordinate reference, this will enable transformation from the spatial
reference system using geographic identifiers to the coordinate reference system. If it contains a descriptive
reference, this will be a spatial reference using a different spatial reference system with geographic identifiers,
for example the postcode of a property. For any location type, there may be more than one gazetteer.
The relationships among spatial reference system, location and gazetteer are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 — Spatial reference system using geographic identifiers
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 19112:2003(E)
7 Requirements for spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers
7.1 Attributes of a spatial reference system using geographic identifiers
A spatial reference system using geographic identifiers shall comprise one or more location types (which may
be related). Each location instance shall be uniquely identified by means of a geographic identifier.
A spatial reference system using geographic identifiers shall be minimally described by the following
attributes:
name;
theme;
overall owner;
territ
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 19112:2004
01-junij-2004
Geografske informacije – Lociranje z geografskimi identifikatorji
Geographic information -- Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers
Information géographique -- Système de références spatiales par identificateurs
géographiques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 19112:2003
ICS:
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
SIST ISO 19112:2004 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 19112:2004
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 19112:2004
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19112
First edition
2003-10-15
Geographic information — Spatial
referencing by geographic identifiers
Information géographique — Système de références spatiales par
identificateurs géographiques
Reference number
ISO 19112:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 19112:2004
ISO 19112:2003(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 19112:2004
ISO 19112:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Conformance . 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms and definitions. 2
5 Notation. 2
5.1 Unified Modelling Language (UML). 2
5.2 Attribute tables. 4
6 Concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers. 4
6.1 Spatial referencing using geographic identifiers . 4
6.2 Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers . 5
6.3 Gazetteers. 5
7 Requirements for spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers. 6
7.1 Attributes of a spatial reference system using geographic identifiers . 6
7.2 Attributes of a location type. 7
8 Requirements for gazetteers. 9
8.1 Properties of a gazetteer . 9
8.2 Attributes of location instance . 10
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suites. 13
Annex B (informative) Example spatial reference system using geographic identifiers. 15
Annex C (informative) Examples of gazetteer data. 16
Bibliography . 19
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 19112:2004
ISO 19112:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19112 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
iv © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 19112:2004
ISO 19112:2003(E)
Introduction
Geographic information contains geospatial references that relate the features and information represented in
the data or text to positions in geographic space. Spatial references fall into two categories:
a) those using coordinates;
b) those using geographic identifiers.
This International Standard deals only with spatial referencing by geographic identifiers. This type of spatial
reference is sometimes called “indirect”. Spatial referencing by coordinates is the subject of ISO 19111.
Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers are not based explicitly on coordinates but on a
relationship with a location defined by a geographic feature or features. The relationship of the position to the
feature may be as follows:
a) containment, where the position is within the geographic feature, for example in a country;
b) based on local measurements, where the position is defined relative to a fixed point or points in the
geographic feature or features, for example at a given distance along a street from a junction with another
street;
c) loosely related, where the position has a fuzzy relationship with the geographic feature or features, for
example adjacent to a building or between two buildings.
The purpose of this International Standard is to specify ways to define and describe systems of spatial
references using geographic identifiers. However, it only covers the definition and recording of the referencing
feature, and does not consider the forms of the relationship of the position relative to that feature.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19112:2003(E)
Geographic information — Spatial referencing by geographic
identifiers
1 Scope
This International Standard defines the conceptual schema for spatial references based on geographic
identifiers. It establishes a general model for spatial referencing using geographic identifiers, defines the
components of a spatial reference system and defines the essential components of a gazetteer.
Spatial referencing by coordinates is addressed in ISO 19111. However, a mechanism for recording
complementary coordinate references is included.
This International Standard enables producers of data to define spatial reference systems using geographic
identifiers and assists users in understanding the spatial references used in datasets. It enables gazetteers to
be constructed in a consistent manner and supports the development of other standards in the field of
geographic information.
This International Standard is applicable to digital geographic data, and its principles may be extended to
other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and textual documents.
2 Conformance
Two classes of conformance are defined for this International Standard:
any spatial reference system for which conformance with this document is claimed shall pass all the
requirements described in the abstract test suite given in Clause A.1.
any gazetteer for which conformance with this document is claimed shall pass all the requirements
described in the abstract test suite given in Clause A.2.
The definition of an abstract test suite is given in ISO 19105.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19105:2000, Geographic information — Conformance and testing
ISO 19107:2003, Geographic information — Spatial schema
ISO 19111:2003, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19115:2003, Geographic information — Metadata
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4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
feature
abstraction of real world phenomena
NOTE A feature may occur as a type or an instance. Feature type or instance shall be used when only one is meant.
[ISO 19101: 2002]
4.2
gazetteer
directory of instances of a class or classes of features containing some information regarding position
NOTE The positional information need not be coordinates, but could be descriptive.
4.3
geographic identifier
spatial reference in the form of a label or code that identifies a location
EXAMPLE “Spain” is an example of a country name; “SW1P 3AD” is an example of a postcode.
4.4
location
identifiable geographic place
EXAMPLE “Eiffel Tower”, “Madrid”, “California”
4.5
spatial reference
description of position in the real world
NOTE This may take the form of a label, code or set of coordinates.
4.6
spatial reference system
system for identifying position in the real world
5 Notation
5.1 Unified Modelling Language (UML)
The diagrams that appear in this document are presented using the Unified Modelling Language (UML) static
structure diagram with the ISO Interface Definition Language (IDL) basic type definitions and the UML Object
Constraint Language (OCL) as the conceptual schema language. The UML notations used in this standard
are described in Figure 1.
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Figure 1 — UML notation
This International Standard defines the following UML packages:
SI_Gazetteer;
SI_LocationInstance;
SI_LocationType.
Reference is made to the following UML packages defined in other International Standards:
EX_GeographicExtent, defined in the Extent package in ISO 19115:2003;
EX_TemporalExtent, defined in the Extent package in ISO 19115:2003;
CI_ResponsibleParty, defined in Citation in ISO 19115:2003;
GM_Point, defined in the Geometry package in ISO 19107:2003;
SC_CRS, defined in ISO 19111:2003.
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5.2 Attribute tables
The tables of attributes that appear in this International Standard show the following elements:
element name: a label assigned to the element;
description: the element description;
obligation: whether the element shall always be recorded (M), or is optional (O), or is
conditional on the stated condition being met (C);
maximum occurrence: the number of instances that the element may have, one (1) or many (N);
data type: a set of distinct values representing the element;
domain: the values allowed or the use of free text.
6 Concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers
6.1 Spatial referencing using geographic identifiers
The position of a feature is identified by a spatial reference. Where a geographic identifier is used as this
spatial reference, it uniquely identifies a location. This location is a feature used to reference other features.
NOTE The spatial reference of a feature in a geographic dataset is usually held as an attribute of the feature, and
defines an association with a location. The relationship with the location is usually that of containment within. However,
more complex spatial references may be constructed using relationships such as “adjacent to” and “distance along”
together with a measured distance and direction from the location identified. Reference systems for roads and railways are
often based on a measured distance from one node (end point or intersection) along a link (road or track). The spatial
reference system used in a dataset forms part of the metadata for that dataset, as defined in ISO 19115.
These concepts are illustrated in Figure 2, which applies at both the type and instance level.
Figure 2 — The concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers
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6.2 Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers
A spatial reference system using geographic identifiers comprises a related set of one or more location types,
together with their corresponding geographic identifiers. These location types may be related to each other
through aggregation or disaggregation, possibly forming a hierarchy.
Examples of spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 — Examples of spatial reference systems
Spatial reference system Location type Geographic identifiers
countries as defined in ISO 3166-1 country country name
country code
set of population centres in a region town town name
addresses in a town property property address
hydrological hierarchy river basin river basin name
river river name
river reach river reach reference
link – node link link code
6.3 Gazetteers
A gazetteer is a directory of geographic identifiers describing location instances. It will contain additional
information regarding the position of each location instance. It may include a coordinate reference, but it may
also be purely descriptive. If it contains a coordinate reference, this will enable transformation from the spatial
reference system using geographic identifiers to the coordinate reference system. If it contains a descriptive
reference, this will be a spatial reference using a different spatial reference system with geographic identifiers,
for example the postcode of a property. For any location type, there may be more than one gazetteer.
The relationships among spatial reference system, location and gazetteer are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 — Spatial reference system using geographic identifiers
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7 Requirements for spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers
7.1 Attributes of a spatial reference system using geographic identifiers
A spatial
...
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