ISO/TR 27912:2016
(Main)Carbon dioxide capture — Carbon dioxide capture systems, technologies and processes
Carbon dioxide capture — Carbon dioxide capture systems, technologies and processes
ISO/TR 27912:2016 describes the principles and information necessary to clarify the CO2 capture system and provide stakeholders with the guidance and knowledge necessary for the development of a series of standards for CO2 capture. This Technical Report also covers technologies, equipment and processes specific to CO2 capture from the viewpoints of the international standardization for the implementation of CCS. The purpose of this Technical Report is to provide guidance for the development of an ISO document related to CO2 capture as part of a CCS chain. This Technical Report covers CO2 capture systems applicable to CO2 emission sources and their respective boundaries, as well as capture technologies, equipment and processes. In addition, it can be used for the development of International Standards under TC 265. The following issues are to be excluded from this Technical Report: - industrial use of CO2; - compression of CO2 (not described in detail); - terminologies not used in this Technical Report.
Capture du dioxyde de carbone — Systèmes de capture du dioxyde de carbone, technologies et processus
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 27912
First edition
2016-05-15
Carbon dioxide capture — Carbon
dioxide capture systems, technologies
and processes
Capture du dioxyde de carbone — Systèmes de capture du dioxyde de
carbone, technologies et processus
Reference number
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .vii
Introduction .viii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 8
5 Carbon dioxide (CO ) capture system .12
2
5.1 General .12
5.2 Classification of CO capture systems .14
2
5.3 System boundary .16
6 Review and documentation .16
6.1 General .16
6.2 Separation processes .18
6.2.1 Separation with sorbents/solvents .18
6.2.2 Separation with membranes .21
6.2.3 Separation by cryogenics or flash evaporation .22
7 Post-combustion capture in the power industry .22
7.1 System boundary .22
7.1.1 Boundary with power plant or other process stream (cooling water,
steam, flue gas, product CO ) .22
2
7.1.2 Boundary of the PCC plant .25
7.1.3 Boundary with transport and storage of CO .
2 25
7.2 Technologies, equipment and processes .25
7.2.1 Chemical absorption process based on (alkanol-) amines (amine process) (A) .25
7.2.2 Chilled ammonia process (CAP) (B) .26
7.2.3 Amino acid salts (AAS) process (C) .27
7.3 Carbon dioxide streams, flue gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .28
7.3.1 Flue Gas streams .28
7.3.2 Composition of carbon dioxide streams .32
7.3.3 Solvent streams, reclaiming waste products .34
7.3.4 Waste (process) water streams .35
7.3.5 Emission determination and calculation .36
7.3.6 Process by-products . .37
7.4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance.37
7.4.1 Clarification of the evaluation basis .38
7.4.2 Basic performance .38
7.4.3 Utility consumption .40
7.4.4 Operability (operational requirements).41
7.4.5 Economic evaluation index .42
7.5 Safety issues .43
7.5.1 Safety categories .43
7.5.2 Relevant equipment and manifestations .44
7.5.3 Chemical substances and their behaviours .46
7.5.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) .49
7.5.5 Preventive measures .49
7.6 Reliability issues .52
7.6.1 Need for reliability assessment .52
7.6.2 Operational reliability .53
7.6.3 Reliability evaluation methods .54
7.6.4 Parameters of reliability .54
7.7 Management system .57
7.7.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source .57
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
7.7.2 Operational management .58
7.7.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization .59
7.8 Reference plants .59
8 Pre-combustion capture in power industry .60
8.1 General .60
8.2 System boundary .61
8.3 Technologies, equipment and processes .62
8.3.1 Establishment of CO capture rate .62
2
8.3.2 CO capture process .62
2
8.4 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .65
8.4.1 CO streams .66
2
8.4.2 Synthetic gas streams .68
8.4.3 Waste products .69
8.5 Evaluation procedure for capture performance.69
8.5.1 Definition of greenhouse gas (GHG) capture rate .69
[ ] 70
8.5.2 Evaluation procedure for capture performance 96 .
8.6 Safety issues .73
8.7 Reliability issues .74
8.8 Management system .74
8.8.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source .74
8.8.2 Operational management .75
8.8.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization .76
9 Oxyfuel combustion power plant with CO capture.76
2
9.1 System boundary .77
9.2 Technology, processes and equipment .78
9.2.1 Boiler island and auxiliary equipment.78
9.2.2 Steam turbine island and generators .79
9.2.3 Air separation unit (ASU) .80
9.2.4 Flue gas processing units (environmental island) .86
9.2.5 Flue gas condenser (flue gas cooler) .89
9.2.6 CO processing unit (CPU).91
2
9.2.7 Balance of plant .110
9.3 Product CO , other major gas streams, emissions and waste products .111
2
9.3.1 Product CO .
2 111
9.3.2 Other gas streams .114
9.3.3 Emissions and waste products from oxyfuel combustion power plant .118
9.4 Evaluation procedure for CO capture performance .119
2
9.5 Safety issues .119
9.5.1 Safe operation of the ASU and handling of oxygen on site .120
9.5.2 Prevention procedure of known risks to fire and/or explosion in the
boiler or mills should be revisited for oxyfuel combustion operation .121
9.5.3 Accidental release of CO , flue gases, or other inert gases including liquid
2
gas products .121
9.5.4 Prevention of any low temperature corrosion that could compromise the
structural integrity of equipment.121
[ ][ ]
10 Capture from cement production processes 176 177 .121
10.1 System boundary .122
10.2 Technologies, equipment and processes .123
10.2.1 Post-combustion method (PCC) .125
10.2.2 Oxy-combustion method.125
10.3 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .126
10.3.1 NO .
x 129
10.3.2 SO .
x 129
10.3.3 Dust .129
10.3.4 HCl (Hydrogen chloride) .130
10.4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance.130
10.5 Safety issues .130
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
10.6 Reliability issues .131
10.7 Management system .132
11 CO Capture in the iron and steel industry .132
2
11.1 Overview — Global steel production .132
11.2 Point sources of CO emissions within the iron and steel production .133
2
11.2.1 Calculation of CO emissions from the steel mill .133
2
11.2.2 Direct CO emissions in an integrated mill producing steel through the
2
BF-BOF route .133
11.2.3 Overview of CO emissions from alternative steel making processes .136
2
11.3 CO reduction and CCS deployment strategy in the steel industry .138
2
11.4 Review of major CO breakthrough programmes worldwide .139
2
11.4.1 ULCOS programme .139
11.4.2 COURSE50 programme .140
11.4.3 POSCO/RIST programme . .141
11.5 System boundary .141
11.6 Capture of CO from blast furnace gas .142
2
11.6.1 Development of chemical absorption technology under the
COURSE50 programme .142
11.6.2 Development of chemical absorption technology under the POSCO/
RIST programme .144
11.6.3 Development of physical adsorption technology under
COURSE50 programme .145
11.6.4 ULCOS BF — Oxygen-blown BF with top gas recycle .146
11.6.5 Other commercial development .148
11.7 Specific energy consumption of CO captured .150
2
11.8 Gas streams .153
11.8.1 Conventional blast furnace gas (BFG) .153
11.8.2 BFG from an oxygen-blown BF with top gas recycle (ULCOS BF) .153
11.9 CO capture from alternative ironmaking process .154
2
11.9.1 Direct reduction ironmaking process .154
11.9.2 Smelting reduction ironmaking process .160
11.10 Evaluation procedures for capture processes .166
11.11 Reliability issues .166
11.12 Safety issues .166
12 Capture from industrial gas production processes .167
12.1 System boundary .168
12.1.1 Natural gas sweetening process .168
12.1.2 Ammonia production process .169
12.1.3 Hydrogen production process .169
12.2 Technologies, equipment and processes .171
12.3 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .172
12.3.1 Chemical absorption .172
12.3.2 Physical absorption process .173
12.3.3 Membrane separation .173
12.3.4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance .173
12.4 Safety issues .174
12.5 Reliability issues .175
12.6 Management system .175
12.6.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source .175
12.6.2 Operational management .177
12.6.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization .177
13 Discussion on possible future direction .177
13.1 General .177
13.2 Possible area of standardization.178
13.3 Discussion .178
Annex A (informative) Chemical absorption processes.181
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
Annex B (informative) Examples of flue gas compositions .186
Annex C (informative) Physical absorption processes .190
Annex D (informative) CO capture terms and definitions list .193
2
Bibliography .209
vi © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
paten
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 27912
First edition
Carbon dioxide capture — Carbon
dioxide capture systems, technologies
and processes
Capture du dioxyde de carbone — Systèmes de capture du dioxyde de
carbone, technologies et processus
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .vii
Introduction .viii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 8
5 Carbon dioxide (CO ) capture system .12
2
5.1 General .12
5.2 Classification of CO capture systems .14
2
5.3 System boundary .16
6 Review and documentation .16
6.1 General .16
6.2 Separation processes .18
6.2.1 Separation with sorbents/solvents .18
6.2.2 Separation with membranes .21
6.2.3 Separation by cryogenics or flash evaporation .22
7 Post-combustion capture in the power industry .22
7.1 System boundary .22
7.1.1 Boundary with power plant or other process stream (cooling water,
steam, flue gas, product CO ) .22
2
7.1.2 Boundary of the PCC plant .25
7.1.3 Boundary with transport and storage of CO .
2 25
7.2 Technologies, equipment and processes .25
7.2.1 Chemical absorption process based on (alkanol-) amines (amine process) (A) .25
7.2.2 Chilled ammonia process (CAP) (B) .26
7.2.3 Amino acid salts (AAS) process (C) .27
7.3 Carbon dioxide streams, flue gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .28
7.3.1 Flue Gas streams .28
7.3.2 Composition of carbon dioxide streams .32
7.3.3 Solvent streams, reclaiming waste products .34
7.3.4 Waste (process) water streams .35
7.3.5 Emission determination and calculation .36
7.3.6 Process by-products . .37
7.4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance.37
7.4.1 Clarification of the evaluation basis .38
7.4.2 Basic performance .38
7.4.3 Utility consumption .40
7.4.4 Operability (operational requirements).41
7.4.5 Economic evaluation index .42
7.5 Safety issues .43
7.5.1 Safety categories .43
7.5.2 Relevant equipment and manifestations .44
7.5.3 Chemical substances and their behaviours .46
7.5.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) .49
7.5.5 Preventive measures .49
7.6 Reliability issues .52
7.6.1 Need for reliability assessment .52
7.6.2 Operational reliability .53
7.6.3 Reliability evaluation methods .54
7.6.4 Parameters of reliability .54
7.7 Management system .57
7.7.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source .57
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
7.7.2 Operational management .58
7.7.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization .59
7.8 Reference plants .59
8 Pre-combustion capture in power industry .60
8.1 General .60
8.2 System boundary .61
8.3 Technologies, equipment and processes .62
8.3.1 Establishment of CO capture rate .62
2
8.3.2 CO capture process .62
2
8.4 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .65
8.4.1 CO streams .66
2
8.4.2 Synthetic gas streams .68
8.4.3 Waste products .69
8.5 Evaluation procedure for capture performance.69
8.5.1 Definition of greenhouse gas (GHG) capture rate .69
[ ] 70
8.5.2 Evaluation procedure for capture performance 96 .
8.6 Safety issues .73
8.7 Reliability issues .74
8.8 Management system .74
8.8.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source .74
8.8.2 Operational management .75
8.8.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization .76
9 Oxyfuel combustion power plant with CO capture.76
2
9.1 System boundary .77
9.2 Technology, processes and equipment .78
9.2.1 Boiler island and auxiliary equipment.78
9.2.2 Steam turbine island and generators .79
9.2.3 Air separation unit (ASU) .80
9.2.4 Flue gas processing units (environmental island) .86
9.2.5 Flue gas condenser (flue gas cooler) .89
9.2.6 CO processing unit (CPU).91
2
9.2.7 Balance of plant .110
9.3 Product CO , other major gas streams, emissions and waste products .111
2
9.3.1 Product CO .
2 111
9.3.2 Other gas streams .114
9.3.3 Emissions and waste products from oxyfuel combustion power plant .118
9.4 Evaluation procedure for CO capture performance .119
2
9.5 Safety issues .119
9.5.1 Safe operation of the ASU and handling of oxygen on site .120
9.5.2 Prevention procedure of known risks to fire and/or explosion in the
boiler or mills should be revisited for oxyfuel combustion operation .121
9.5.3 Accidental release of CO , flue gases, or other inert gases including liquid
2
gas products .121
9.5.4 Prevention of any low temperature corrosion that could compromise the
structural integrity of equipment.121
[ ][ ]
10 Capture from cement production processes 176 177 .121
10.1 System boundary .122
10.2 Technologies, equipment and processes .123
10.2.1 Post-combustion method (PCC) .125
10.2.2 Oxy-combustion method.125
10.3 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .126
10.3.1 NO .
x 129
10.3.2 SO .
x 129
10.3.3 Dust .129
10.3.4 HCl (Hydrogen chloride) .130
10.4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance.130
10.5 Safety issues .130
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
10.6 Reliability issues .131
10.7 Management system .132
11 CO Capture in the iron and steel industry .132
2
11.1 Overview — Global steel production .132
11.2 Point sources of CO emissions within the iron and steel production .133
2
11.2.1 Calculation of CO emissions from the steel mill .133
2
11.2.2 Direct CO emissions in an integrated mill producing steel through the
2
BF-BOF route .133
11.2.3 Overview of CO emissions from alternative steel making processes .136
2
11.3 CO reduction and CCS deployment strategy in the steel industry .138
2
11.4 Review of major CO breakthrough programmes worldwide .139
2
11.4.1 ULCOS programme .139
11.4.2 COURSE50 programme .140
11.4.3 POSCO/RIST programme . .141
11.5 System boundary .141
11.6 Capture of CO from blast furnace gas .142
2
11.6.1 Development of chemical absorption technology under the
COURSE50 programme .142
11.6.2 Development of chemical absorption technology under the POSCO/
RIST programme .144
11.6.3 Development of physical adsorption technology under
COURSE50 programme .145
11.6.4 ULCOS BF — Oxygen-blown BF with top gas recycle .146
11.6.5 Other commercial development .148
11.7 Specific energy consumption of CO captured .150
2
11.8 Gas streams .153
11.8.1 Conventional blast furnace gas (BFG) .153
11.8.2 BFG from an oxygen-blown BF with top gas recycle (ULCOS BF) .153
11.9 CO capture from alternative ironmaking process .154
2
11.9.1 Direct reduction ironmaking process .154
11.9.2 Smelting reduction ironmaking process .160
11.10 Evaluation procedures for capture processes .166
11.11 Reliability issues .166
11.12 Safety issues .166
12 Capture from industrial gas production processes .167
12.1 System boundary .168
12.1.1 Natural gas sweetening process .168
12.1.2 Ammonia production process .169
12.1.3 Hydrogen production process .169
12.2 Technologies, equipment and processes .171
12.3 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .172
12.3.1 Chemical absorption .172
12.3.2 Physical absorption process .173
12.3.3 Membrane separation .173
12.3.4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance .173
12.4 Safety issues .174
12.5 Reliability issues .175
12.6 Management system .175
12.6.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source .175
12.6.2 Operational management .177
12.6.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization .177
13 Discussion on possible future direction .177
13.1 General .177
13.2 Possible area of standardization.178
13.3 Discussion .178
Annex A (informative) Chemical absorption processes.181
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
Annex B (informative) Examples of flue gas compositions .186
Annex C (informative) Physical absorption processes .190
Annex D (informative) CO capture terms and definitions list .193
2
Bibliography .209
vi PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the
...
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