Sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes

ISO 8422:2006 contains sequential sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes of discrete items. The plans are indexed in terms of the producer's risk point and the consumer's risk point. Therefore, they can be used not only for the purposes of acceptance sampling, but for a more general purpose of the verification of simple statistical hypotheses for proportions. ISO 8422:2006 provides procedures for sequential assessment of inspection results that may be used to induce the supplier, through the economic and psychological pressure of non-acceptance of lots of inferior quality, to supply lots of a quality having a high probability of acceptance. At the same time, the consumer is protected by a prescribed upper limit to the probability of accepting lots of poor quality. ISO 8422:2006 provides sampling plans that are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of different fields, such as: end items, components and raw materials, operations, materials in process, supplies in storage, maintenance operations, data or records, and administrative procedures. The sampling plans from ISO 8422:2006 should primarily be used for the analysis of samples taken from processes. For example, they may be used for the acceptance sampling of lots taken from a process that is under statistical control. However, they may also be used for the acceptance sampling of an isolated lot when its size is large, and the expected fraction nonconforming is small (significantly smaller than 10%). In the case of the acceptance sampling of continuing series of lots, the system of sequential sampling plans indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection published in ISO 2859-5 should be applied.

Plans d'échantillonnage progressif pour le contrôle par attributs

L'ISO 8422:2006 spécifie des plans et des règles d'échantillonnage progressif pour le contrôle par attributs d'individus discrets. Les plans sont indexés en termes de point du risque fournisseur et de point du risque client. Par conséquent, ils peuvent être utilisés pour l'échantillonnage pour acceptation mais également à des fins plus générales de vérification d'hypothèses statistiques simples concernant des proportions. L'ISO 8422:2006 fournit des règles, basées sur la détermination progressive des résultats de contrôle, pouvant être utilisées pour inciter le fournisseur, par des pressions économiques et psychologiques liées à la non-acceptation de lots de qualité inférieure, à fournir des lots de qualité ayant une forte probabilité d'acceptation. En même temps, le client est protégé par une limite supérieure imposée de la probabilité d'accepter des lots de faible qualité. L'ISO 8422:2006 fournit des plans d'échantillonnage applicables, d'une manière non limitative, notamment aux contrôles ci-après: produits finis, composants et matières premières, opérations, matériaux en cours de fabrication, fournitures en stock, opérations d'entretien, informations ou enregistrements, et procédures administratives. Il convient d'utiliser les plans d'échantillonnage de l'ISO 8422:2006 principalement pour l'analyse d'échantillons prélevés de processus. Par exemple, ils peuvent être utilisés pour l'échantillonnage pour acceptation de lots prélevés d'un processus sous maîtrise statistique. Par ailleurs, ils peuvent également être utilisés pour l'échantillonnage pour acceptation d'un lot isolé dont l'effectif est important et la proportion prévue de non-conformités est faible (sensiblement inférieure à 10 %). Dans le cas de l'échantillonnage pour acceptation d'une série continue de lots, il convient d'appliquer le système des plans d'échantillonnage progressif pour le contrôle lot par lot, indexés d'après le niveau de qualité acceptable (NQA) de l'ISO 2859-5.

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General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
16-Oct-2006
Withdrawal Date
16-Oct-2006
Current Stage
9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
Completion Date
23-Oct-2017

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8422
Second edition
2006-10-01


Sequential sampling plans for inspection
by attributes
Plans d'échantillonnage progressif pour le contrôle par attributs




Reference number
ISO 8422:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006

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ISO 8422:2006(E)
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ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

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ISO 8422:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 6
5 Principles of sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes . 7
6 Selection of a sampling plan . 7
7 Operation of a sequential sampling plan . 8
8 Numerical example . 12
9 Tables. 12
Annex A (informative) Statistical properties of the sequential sampling plan
for inspection by attributes . 25
Bibliography . 32

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ISO 8422:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 8422 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 69, Applications of statistical methods,
Subcommittee SC 5, Acceptance sampling.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8422:1991), of which it constitutes a technical
revision. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 8422:1991/Cor.1:1993. The following
improvements have been introduced:
⎯ preferred values of producer's risk quality and consumer's risk quality have been changed and their series
have been extended,
⎯ values of the parameters h , h and g have been recalculated in order to provide plans that exactly meet
A R
stated requirements,
⎯ consumer's risk quality values in percent nonconforming are separated from those in nonconformities per
100 items both in the master tables and in Table A.1, which contains the average sample sizes for
sequential sampling plans.
The revised version of Annex A of ISO 8422:1991 has been published as ISO 2859-5.

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ISO 8422:2006(E)
Introduction
In contemporary production processes, quality is often expected to reach such high levels that the number of
−6
nonconforming items is reported in parts per million (10 ). Under such circumstances, popular acceptance
sampling plans, such as those presented in ISO 2859-1, require prohibitively large sample sizes. To overcome
this problem, users apply acceptance sampling plans with higher probabilities of wrong decisions or, in
extreme situations, abandon the use of acceptance sampling procedures altogether. However, in many
situations there is still a need to accept products of high quality using standardized statistical methods. In such
cases, there is a need to apply statistical procedures that require the smallest possible sample sizes.
Sequential sampling plans are the only statistical procedures that satisfy that need as, among all possible
sampling plans having similar statistical properties, the sequential sampling plan has the smallest average
sample size.
The principal advantage of sequential sampling plans is the reduction in the average sample size. The
average sample size is the weighted average of all the sample sizes that may occur under a sampling plan for
a given lot or process quality level. Like double and multiple sampling plans, the use of sequential sampling
plans leads to a smaller average sample size than single sampling plans having the equivalent operating
characteristic. However, the average savings are even greater when using a sequential sampling plan than
when a double or multiple sampling plan is used. For lots of very good quality, the maximum savings for
sequential sampling plans may reach 85 %, as compared to 37 % for double sampling plans and 75 % for
multiple sampling plans. On the other hand, when using a double, multiple or sequential sampling plan, the
actual number of items inspected for a particular lot may exceed the sample size, n , of the corresponding
0
single sampling plan. For double and multiple sampling plans, there is an upper limit of 1,25 n to the actual
0
number of items to be inspected. For classical sequential sampling plans, there is no such limit, and the actual
number of inspected items may exceed the corresponding single sample size, n , or be even as large as the
0
lot size, N. For the sequential sampling plans in this International Standard, a curtailment rule has been
introduced involving an upper limit n on the actual number of items to be inspected.
t
Other factors that should be taken into account include:
a) Simplicity
The rules of a sequential sampling plan are more easily misunderstood by inspectors than the simple
rules for a single sampling plan.
b) Variability in the amount of inspection
As the actual number of items inspected for a particular lot is not known in advance, the use of sequential
sampling plans brings about various organisational difficulties. For example, scheduling of inspection
operations may be difficult.
c) Ease of drawing sample items
If drawing sample items at different times is expensive, the reduction in the average sample size by
sequential sampling plans may be cancelled out by the increased sampling cost.
d) Duration of test
If the test of a single item is of long duration and a number of items can be tested simultaneously,
sequential sampling plans are much more time-consuming than the corresponding single sampling plans.
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
e) Variability of quality within the lot
If the lot consists of two or more sublots from different sources and if there is likely to be a substantial
difference between the qualities of the sublots, drawing of a representative sample under a sequential
sampling plan is far more awkward than under the corresponding single sampling plan.
The advantages and disadvantages of double and multiple sampling plans always lie between those of single
and sequential sampling plans. The balance between the advantage of a smaller average sample size and the
above disadvantages leads to the conclusion that sequential sampling plans are suitable only when inspection
of individual items is costly in comparison with inspection overheads.
The choice between single, double, multiple and sequential sampling plans shall be made before the
inspection of a lot is started. During inspection of a lot, it is not permitted to switch from one type to another,
because the operating characteristics of the plan may be drastically changed if the actual inspection results
influence the choice of acceptability criteria.
Although use of sequential sampling plans is on average much more economical than the use of
corresponding single sampling plans, acceptance or non-acceptance may occur at a very late stage due to the
cumulative count of nonconforming items (or nonconformities) remaining between the acceptance number and
the rejection number for a long time. When using the graphical method, this corresponds to the random
progress of the step curve remaining in the indecision zone. Such a situation is most likely to occur when the
lot or process quality level (in terms of percent nonconforming or in nonconformities per 100 items) is close to
(100g), where g is the parameter giving the slope of the acceptance and rejection lines.
To improve upon this situation, the sample size curtailment value is set before the inspection of a lot is begins.
If the cumulative sample size reaches the curtailment value n without determination of lot acceptability,
t
inspection terminates and the acceptance and non-acceptance of the lot is then determined using the
curtailment values of the acceptance and rejection numbers.
For sequential sampling plans in common use, curtailment usually represents a deviation from their intended
usage, leading to a distortion of their operating characteristics. In this International Standard, however, the
operating characteristics of the sequential sampling plans have been determined with curtailment taken into
account, so curtailment is an integral component of the provided plans.
Sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes are also provided in ISO 2859-5. However, the design
principle of those plans is fundamentally different from that of this International Standard. The sampling plans
in ISO 2859-5 are designed to supplement the ISO 2859-1 acceptance sampling system for inspection by
attributes. Thus, they should be used for the inspection of a continuing series of lots, that is, a series long
enough to permit the switching rules of the ISO 2859 system to function. The application of the switching rules
is the only means of providing enhanced protection to the consumer (by means of tightened sampling
inspection criteria or discontinuation of sampling inspection) when the sequential sampling plans from
ISO 2859-5 are used. However, in certain circumstances, there is a strong need to have both the producer's
and the consumer's risks under strict control. Such circumstances occur, for example, when sampling is
performed for regulatory reasons, to demonstrate the quality of the production processes or to test hypotheses.
In such cases, individual sampling plans selected from the ISO 2859-5 sampling scheme may be
inappropriate. The sampling plans from this International Standard have been designed in order to meet these
specific requirements.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8422:2006(E)

Sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies sequential sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes of
discrete items.
The plans are indexed in terms of the producer's risk point and the consumer's risk point. Therefore, they can
be used not only for the purposes of acceptance sampling, but for a more general purpose of the verification
of simple statistical hypotheses for proportions.
The purpose of this International Standard is to provide procedures for sequential assessment of inspection
results that may be used to induce the supplier, through the economic and psychological pressure of non-
acceptance of lots of inferior quality, to supply lots of a quality having a high probability of acceptance. At the
same time, the consumer is protected by a prescribed upper limit to the probability of accepting lots of poor
quality.
This International Standard provides sampling plans that are applicable, but not limited, to inspection in
different fields, such as:
⎯ end items,
⎯ components and raw materials,
⎯ operations,
⎯ materials in process,
⎯ supplies in storage,
⎯ maintenance operations,
⎯ data or records, and
⎯ administrative procedures.
This International Standard contains sampling plans for inspection by attributes of discrete items. The
sampling plans may be used when the extent of nonconformity is expressed either in terms of proportion (or
percent) nonconforming items or in terms of nonconformities per item (per 100 items).
The sampling plans are based on the assumption that nonconformities occur randomly and with statistical
independence. There may be good reasons to suspect that one nonconformity in an item could be caused by
a condition also likely to cause others. If so, it would be better to consider the items just as conforming or not,
and ignore multiple nonconformities.
The sampling plans from this International Standard should primarily be used for the analysis of samples
taken from processes. For example, they may be used for the acceptance sampling of lots taken from a
process that is under statistical control. However, they may also be used for the acceptance sampling of an
isolated lot when its size is large, and the expected fraction nonconforming is small (significantly smaller than
10 %).
In the case of the acceptance sampling of continuing series of lots, the system of sequential sampling plans
indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection published in ISO 2859-5 should be applied.
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3534-1, Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Part 1: General statistical terms and terms used in
probability
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3534-1 and the following apply.
References are given in square brackets for definitions that have been repeated here for convenience.
3.1
inspection
conformity evaluation by observation and judgement accompanied as appropriate by measurement, testing or
gauging
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.1.2]
3.2
inspection by attributes
inspection (3.1) by noting the presence, or absence, of one or more particular characteristic(s) in each of the
items in the group under consideration, and counting how many items do, or do not, possess the
characteristic(s), or how many such events occur in the item, group or opportunity space
NOTE When inspection is performed by simply noting whether the item is nonconforming or not, the inspection is
termed inspection for nonconforming items. When inspection is performed by noting the number of nonconformities on
each unit, the inspection is termed inspection for number of nonconformities.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.1.3]
3.3
item
entity
anything that can be described and considered separately
EXAMPLE A discrete physical item; a defined amount of bulk material; a service, activity, person, system or some
combination thereof.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.11]
3.4
nonconformity
non-fulfilment of a requirement
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 3.1.11]
NOTE See notes to 3.5.
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
3.5
defect
non-fulfilment of a requirement related to an intended or specified use
NOTE 1 The distinction between the concepts defect and nonconformity (3.4) is important as it has legal connotations,
particularly those associated with product liability issues. Consequently the term “defect” should be used with extreme
caution.
NOTE 2 The intended use by the customer can be affected by the nature of information, such as operating or
maintenance instructions, provided by the customer.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 3.1.12]
3.6
nonconforming item
item (3.3) with one or more nonconformities (3.4)
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.12]
3.7
percent nonconforming
〈in a sample〉 one hundred times the number of nonconforming items (3.6) in the sample (3.13) divided by
the sample size (3.14), viz:
d
100 ×
n
where
d is the number of nonconforming items in the sample;
n is the sample size
[ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.8]
3.8
percent nonconforming
〈in a population or lot〉 one hundred times the number of nonconforming items (3.6) in the population or lot
(3.11) divided by the population or lot size (3.12), viz:
D
ni
100×=p 100×
ni
N
where
p is the proportion of nonconforming items;
ni
D is the number of nonconforming items in the population or lot;
ni
N is the population or lot size
NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.9.
NOTE 2 In this International Standard, the terms percent nonconforming (3.7 and 3.8) or nonconformities per 100
items (3.9 and 3.10) are mainly used in place of the theoretical terms “proportion of nonconforming items” and
“nonconformities per item” because the former terms are the most widely used.
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
3.9
nonconformities per 100 items
〈in a sample〉 one hundred times the number of nonconformities (3.4) in the sample (3.13) divided by the
sample size (3.14), viz:
d
100 ×
n
where
d is the number of nonconformities in the sample;
n is the sample size
[ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.10]
3.10
nonconformities per 100 items
〈in a population or lot〉 100 times the number of nonconformities (3.4) in the population or lot (3.11) divided
by the population or lot size (3.12), viz:
D
nt
100×=p 100×
nt
N
where
p is the number of nonconformities per item;
nt
D is the number of nonconformities in the population or lot;
nt
N is the population or lot size
NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.11.
NOTE 2 An item may contain one or more nonconformities.
3.11
lot
definite part of a population constituted under essentially the same conditions as the population with respect to
the sampling purpose
NOTE The sampling purpose can, for example, be to determine lot acceptability, or to estimate the mean value of a
particular characteristic.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.4]
3.12
lot size
number of items (3.3) in a lot (3.11)
[ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.14]
3.13
sample
subset of a population made up of one or more sampling units
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.17]
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
3.14
sample size
number of sampling units in a sample (3.13)
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.26]
3.15
acceptance sampling plan
plan which states the sample size(s) (3.14) to be used and the associated criteria for lot acceptance
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.3.3]
3.16
consumer's risk quality
Q
CR
〈acceptance sampling〉 quality level of a lot (3.11) or process which, in the acceptance sampling plan (3.15),
corresponds to a specified consumer's risk
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.6.9]
NOTE The specified consumer's risk is usually 10 %.
3.17
producer's risk quality
Q
PR
〈acceptance sampling〉 quality level of a lot (3.11) or process which, in the acceptance sampling plan (3.15),
corresponds to a specified producer's risk
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.6.10]
NOTE The specified producer's risk is usually 5 %.
3.18
count
when inspection by attributes is performed, the result of the inspection of each sample item
NOTE In the case of the inspection for nonconforming items, the count is set to 1 if the sample item is nonconforming.
In the case of the inspection for nonconformities, the count is set to the number of nonconformities found in the sample
item.
3.19
cumulative count
when a sequential sampling plan is used, the sum of the counts during inspection, counting from the start of
the inspection of the lot up to, and including, the sample item last inspected
3.20
cumulative sample size
when a sequential sampling plan is used, the total number of sample items during inspection, counting from
the start of the inspection of the lot up to, and including, the sample item last inspected
3.21
acceptance value
〈for sequential sampling〉 value used in the graphical method for determination of acceptance of the lot, that is
derived from the specified parameters of the sampling plan and the cumulative sample size
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
3.22
acceptance number
〈for sequential sampling〉 number used in the numerical method for determination of acceptance of the lot, that
is obtained by rounding the acceptance value down to the nearest integer
3.23
rejection value
〈for sequential sampling〉 value used in the graphical method for determination of non-acceptance of the lot,
that is derived from the specified parameters of the sampling plan and the cumulative sample size
3.24
rejection number
〈for sequential sampling〉 number used in the numerical method for determination of non-acceptance of the lot,
that is obtained by rounding the rejection value up to the nearest integer
3.25
acceptability table
table used for the lot acceptability determination in the numerical method
3.26
acceptability chart
chart used for the lot acceptability determination in the graphical method, consisting of the following three
zones:
⎯ acceptance zone;
⎯ rejection zone;
⎯ indecision zone;
the borders being acceptance, rejection and curtailment lines
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
The symbols and abbreviations used in this International Standard are as follows:
A acceptance value (for sequential sampling plan)
Ac acceptance number
Ac acceptance number for a corresponding single sampling plan
0
Ac acceptance number at curtailment (curtailment value)
t
d count
D cumulative count
g parameter giving the slope of the acceptance and rejection lines
h parameter giving the intercept of the acceptance line
A
h parameter giving the intercept of the rejection line
R
n sample size for a corresponding single sampling plan
0
n cumulative sample size
cum
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
n cumulative sample size at curtailment (curtailment value)
t
P process average
p quality level for which the probability of acceptance is x, where x is a fraction
x
P probability of acceptance (in percent)
a
Q consumer's risk quality (in percent nonconforming items or in nonconformities per hundred items)
CR
Q producer's risk quality (in percent nonconforming items or in nonconformities per hundred items)
PR
R rejection value (for sequential sampling plan)
Re rejection number
Re rejection number for a corresponding single sampling plan
0
Re rejection number at curtailment (curtailment value)
t
NOTE Re = Ac + 1
t t
α producer's risk
β consumer's risk
5 Principles of sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes
Under a sequential sampling plan by attributes, sample items are drawn at random and inspected one by one,
and the cumulative count (the total number of nonconforming items or nonconformities) is obtained. After the
inspection of each item, the cumulative count is compared with the acceptability criteria in order to assess
whether there is sufficient information to decide about the lot at that stage of the inspection.
If, at a given stage, the cumulative count is such that the risk of accepting a lot of unsatisfactory quality level is
sufficiently low, the lot is considered acceptable and the inspection is terminated.
If, on the other hand, the cumulative count is such that the risk of non-acceptance of a lot of satisfactory
quality level is sufficiently low, the lot is considered not acceptable and the inspection is terminated.
If the cumulative count does not allow either of the above decisions to be taken, then an additional item is
sampled and inspected. The process is continued until sufficient sample information has been accumulated to
warrant a decision that the lot is acceptable or not acceptable.
6 Selection of a sampling plan
6.1 Producer’s risk point and consumer’s risk point
The general method described in 6.1 and 6.2 is used when the requirements of the sequential sampling plan
are specified in terms of two points on the operating characteristic curve of the plan. The point corresponding
to the higher probability of acceptance shall be designated the producer’s risk point; the other shall be
designated the consumer’s risk point.
The first step when designing a sequential sampling plan is to choose these two points, if they have not
already been dictated by circumstances. For this purpose, the following combination is often used:
⎯ a producer’s risk of αu 0,05 and the corresponding producer’s risk quality (Q ), and
PR
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
⎯ a consumer’s risk of βu 0,10 and the corresponding consumer’s risk quality (Q ).
CR
When the desired sequential sampling plan is required to have approximately the same operating
characteristic curve as an existing single, double or multiple sampling plan, the producer’s risk point and the
consumer’s risk point may be read off from a graph or a table of the operating characteristic of that plan.
When no such plan exists, the producer’s and the consumer’s risk points have to be determined from direct
consideration of the conditions under which the sampling plan operates.
6.2 Preferred values of Q and Q
PR CR
Tables 1 and 2 give 28 preferred values of Q (producer’s risk quality) ranging from 0,020 % to 10,0 %, and
PR
23 preferred values of Q (consumer’s risk quality) ranging from 0,200 % to 31,5 %. This International
CR
Standard is applicable only when a combination of the preferred values of Q and Q is chosen under the
PR CR
constraints 0αu,05 and βu 0,10 .
6.3 Pre-operation preparations
6.3.1 Obtaining the parameters h , h and g
A R
The criteria for acceptance and non-acceptance of a lot that are invoked at each stage of inspection are
determined from the parameters h , h , and g.
A R
Tables 1 and 2 give the values of these parameters corresponding to a combination of preferred values of
Q and Q together with a producer’s risk of αu 0,05 and a consumer’s risk of βu 0,10 . Table 1 is for
PR CR
percent nonconforming inspection, and Table 2 is for nonconformities per 100 items inspection.
6.3.2 Obtaining the curtailment values
The curtailment value, n , of the cumulative sample size of the sequential sampling plan is given in Tables 1
t
and 2 together with the parameters h , h , and g.
A R
7 Operation of a sequential sampling plan
7.1 Specification of the plan
Before operation of a sequential sampling plan, the inspector
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 8422:2008
01-januar-2008
6HNYHQþQLQDþUWLY]RUþHQMD]DNRQWURORSRRSLVQLKVSUHPHQOMLYNDK
Sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:
ICS:
03.120.30 8SRUDEDVWDWLVWLþQLKPHWRG Application of statistical
methods
SIST ISO 8422:2008 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8422
Second edition
2006-10-01


Sequential sampling plans for inspection
by attributes
Plans d'échantillonnage progressif pour le contrôle par attributs




Reference number
ISO 8422:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006

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ISO 8422:2006(E)
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ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

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ISO 8422:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 6
5 Principles of sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes . 7
6 Selection of a sampling plan . 7
7 Operation of a sequential sampling plan . 8
8 Numerical example . 12
9 Tables. 12
Annex A (informative) Statistical properties of the sequential sampling plan
for inspection by attributes . 25
Bibliography . 32

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ISO 8422:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 8422 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 69, Applications of statistical methods,
Subcommittee SC 5, Acceptance sampling.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8422:1991), of which it constitutes a technical
revision. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 8422:1991/Cor.1:1993. The following
improvements have been introduced:
⎯ preferred values of producer's risk quality and consumer's risk quality have been changed and their series
have been extended,
⎯ values of the parameters h , h and g have been recalculated in order to provide plans that exactly meet
A R
stated requirements,
⎯ consumer's risk quality values in percent nonconforming are separated from those in nonconformities per
100 items both in the master tables and in Table A.1, which contains the average sample sizes for
sequential sampling plans.
The revised version of Annex A of ISO 8422:1991 has been published as ISO 2859-5.

iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

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ISO 8422:2006(E)
Introduction
In contemporary production processes, quality is often expected to reach such high levels that the number of
−6
nonconforming items is reported in parts per million (10 ). Under such circumstances, popular acceptance
sampling plans, such as those presented in ISO 2859-1, require prohibitively large sample sizes. To overcome
this problem, users apply acceptance sampling plans with higher probabilities of wrong decisions or, in
extreme situations, abandon the use of acceptance sampling procedures altogether. However, in many
situations there is still a need to accept products of high quality using standardized statistical methods. In such
cases, there is a need to apply statistical procedures that require the smallest possible sample sizes.
Sequential sampling plans are the only statistical procedures that satisfy that need as, among all possible
sampling plans having similar statistical properties, the sequential sampling plan has the smallest average
sample size.
The principal advantage of sequential sampling plans is the reduction in the average sample size. The
average sample size is the weighted average of all the sample sizes that may occur under a sampling plan for
a given lot or process quality level. Like double and multiple sampling plans, the use of sequential sampling
plans leads to a smaller average sample size than single sampling plans having the equivalent operating
characteristic. However, the average savings are even greater when using a sequential sampling plan than
when a double or multiple sampling plan is used. For lots of very good quality, the maximum savings for
sequential sampling plans may reach 85 %, as compared to 37 % for double sampling plans and 75 % for
multiple sampling plans. On the other hand, when using a double, multiple or sequential sampling plan, the
actual number of items inspected for a particular lot may exceed the sample size, n , of the corresponding
0
single sampling plan. For double and multiple sampling plans, there is an upper limit of 1,25 n to the actual
0
number of items to be inspected. For classical sequential sampling plans, there is no such limit, and the actual
number of inspected items may exceed the corresponding single sample size, n , or be even as large as the
0
lot size, N. For the sequential sampling plans in this International Standard, a curtailment rule has been
introduced involving an upper limit n on the actual number of items to be inspected.
t
Other factors that should be taken into account include:
a) Simplicity
The rules of a sequential sampling plan are more easily misunderstood by inspectors than the simple
rules for a single sampling plan.
b) Variability in the amount of inspection
As the actual number of items inspected for a particular lot is not known in advance, the use of sequential
sampling plans brings about various organisational difficulties. For example, scheduling of inspection
operations may be difficult.
c) Ease of drawing sample items
If drawing sample items at different times is expensive, the reduction in the average sample size by
sequential sampling plans may be cancelled out by the increased sampling cost.
d) Duration of test
If the test of a single item is of long duration and a number of items can be tested simultaneously,
sequential sampling plans are much more time-consuming than the corresponding single sampling plans.
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
e) Variability of quality within the lot
If the lot consists of two or more sublots from different sources and if there is likely to be a substantial
difference between the qualities of the sublots, drawing of a representative sample under a sequential
sampling plan is far more awkward than under the corresponding single sampling plan.
The advantages and disadvantages of double and multiple sampling plans always lie between those of single
and sequential sampling plans. The balance between the advantage of a smaller average sample size and the
above disadvantages leads to the conclusion that sequential sampling plans are suitable only when inspection
of individual items is costly in comparison with inspection overheads.
The choice between single, double, multiple and sequential sampling plans shall be made before the
inspection of a lot is started. During inspection of a lot, it is not permitted to switch from one type to another,
because the operating characteristics of the plan may be drastically changed if the actual inspection results
influence the choice of acceptability criteria.
Although use of sequential sampling plans is on average much more economical than the use of
corresponding single sampling plans, acceptance or non-acceptance may occur at a very late stage due to the
cumulative count of nonconforming items (or nonconformities) remaining between the acceptance number and
the rejection number for a long time. When using the graphical method, this corresponds to the random
progress of the step curve remaining in the indecision zone. Such a situation is most likely to occur when the
lot or process quality level (in terms of percent nonconforming or in nonconformities per 100 items) is close to
(100g), where g is the parameter giving the slope of the acceptance and rejection lines.
To improve upon this situation, the sample size curtailment value is set before the inspection of a lot is begins.
If the cumulative sample size reaches the curtailment value n without determination of lot acceptability,
t
inspection terminates and the acceptance and non-acceptance of the lot is then determined using the
curtailment values of the acceptance and rejection numbers.
For sequential sampling plans in common use, curtailment usually represents a deviation from their intended
usage, leading to a distortion of their operating characteristics. In this International Standard, however, the
operating characteristics of the sequential sampling plans have been determined with curtailment taken into
account, so curtailment is an integral component of the provided plans.
Sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes are also provided in ISO 2859-5. However, the design
principle of those plans is fundamentally different from that of this International Standard. The sampling plans
in ISO 2859-5 are designed to supplement the ISO 2859-1 acceptance sampling system for inspection by
attributes. Thus, they should be used for the inspection of a continuing series of lots, that is, a series long
enough to permit the switching rules of the ISO 2859 system to function. The application of the switching rules
is the only means of providing enhanced protection to the consumer (by means of tightened sampling
inspection criteria or discontinuation of sampling inspection) when the sequential sampling plans from
ISO 2859-5 are used. However, in certain circumstances, there is a strong need to have both the producer's
and the consumer's risks under strict control. Such circumstances occur, for example, when sampling is
performed for regulatory reasons, to demonstrate the quality of the production processes or to test hypotheses.
In such cases, individual sampling plans selected from the ISO 2859-5 sampling scheme may be
inappropriate. The sampling plans from this International Standard have been designed in order to meet these
specific requirements.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8422:2006(E)

Sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies sequential sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes of
discrete items.
The plans are indexed in terms of the producer's risk point and the consumer's risk point. Therefore, they can
be used not only for the purposes of acceptance sampling, but for a more general purpose of the verification
of simple statistical hypotheses for proportions.
The purpose of this International Standard is to provide procedures for sequential assessment of inspection
results that may be used to induce the supplier, through the economic and psychological pressure of non-
acceptance of lots of inferior quality, to supply lots of a quality having a high probability of acceptance. At the
same time, the consumer is protected by a prescribed upper limit to the probability of accepting lots of poor
quality.
This International Standard provides sampling plans that are applicable, but not limited, to inspection in
different fields, such as:
⎯ end items,
⎯ components and raw materials,
⎯ operations,
⎯ materials in process,
⎯ supplies in storage,
⎯ maintenance operations,
⎯ data or records, and
⎯ administrative procedures.
This International Standard contains sampling plans for inspection by attributes of discrete items. The
sampling plans may be used when the extent of nonconformity is expressed either in terms of proportion (or
percent) nonconforming items or in terms of nonconformities per item (per 100 items).
The sampling plans are based on the assumption that nonconformities occur randomly and with statistical
independence. There may be good reasons to suspect that one nonconformity in an item could be caused by
a condition also likely to cause others. If so, it would be better to consider the items just as conforming or not,
and ignore multiple nonconformities.
The sampling plans from this International Standard should primarily be used for the analysis of samples
taken from processes. For example, they may be used for the acceptance sampling of lots taken from a
process that is under statistical control. However, they may also be used for the acceptance sampling of an
isolated lot when its size is large, and the expected fraction nonconforming is small (significantly smaller than
10 %).
In the case of the acceptance sampling of continuing series of lots, the system of sequential sampling plans
indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection published in ISO 2859-5 should be applied.
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3534-1, Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Part 1: General statistical terms and terms used in
probability
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3534-1 and the following apply.
References are given in square brackets for definitions that have been repeated here for convenience.
3.1
inspection
conformity evaluation by observation and judgement accompanied as appropriate by measurement, testing or
gauging
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.1.2]
3.2
inspection by attributes
inspection (3.1) by noting the presence, or absence, of one or more particular characteristic(s) in each of the
items in the group under consideration, and counting how many items do, or do not, possess the
characteristic(s), or how many such events occur in the item, group or opportunity space
NOTE When inspection is performed by simply noting whether the item is nonconforming or not, the inspection is
termed inspection for nonconforming items. When inspection is performed by noting the number of nonconformities on
each unit, the inspection is termed inspection for number of nonconformities.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.1.3]
3.3
item
entity
anything that can be described and considered separately
EXAMPLE A discrete physical item; a defined amount of bulk material; a service, activity, person, system or some
combination thereof.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.11]
3.4
nonconformity
non-fulfilment of a requirement
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 3.1.11]
NOTE See notes to 3.5.
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
3.5
defect
non-fulfilment of a requirement related to an intended or specified use
NOTE 1 The distinction between the concepts defect and nonconformity (3.4) is important as it has legal connotations,
particularly those associated with product liability issues. Consequently the term “defect” should be used with extreme
caution.
NOTE 2 The intended use by the customer can be affected by the nature of information, such as operating or
maintenance instructions, provided by the customer.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 3.1.12]
3.6
nonconforming item
item (3.3) with one or more nonconformities (3.4)
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.12]
3.7
percent nonconforming
〈in a sample〉 one hundred times the number of nonconforming items (3.6) in the sample (3.13) divided by
the sample size (3.14), viz:
d
100 ×
n
where
d is the number of nonconforming items in the sample;
n is the sample size
[ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.8]
3.8
percent nonconforming
〈in a population or lot〉 one hundred times the number of nonconforming items (3.6) in the population or lot
(3.11) divided by the population or lot size (3.12), viz:
D
ni
100×=p 100×
ni
N
where
p is the proportion of nonconforming items;
ni
D is the number of nonconforming items in the population or lot;
ni
N is the population or lot size
NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.9.
NOTE 2 In this International Standard, the terms percent nonconforming (3.7 and 3.8) or nonconformities per 100
items (3.9 and 3.10) are mainly used in place of the theoretical terms “proportion of nonconforming items” and
“nonconformities per item” because the former terms are the most widely used.
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
3.9
nonconformities per 100 items
〈in a sample〉 one hundred times the number of nonconformities (3.4) in the sample (3.13) divided by the
sample size (3.14), viz:
d
100 ×
n
where
d is the number of nonconformities in the sample;
n is the sample size
[ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.10]
3.10
nonconformities per 100 items
〈in a population or lot〉 100 times the number of nonconformities (3.4) in the population or lot (3.11) divided
by the population or lot size (3.12), viz:
D
nt
100×=p 100×
nt
N
where
p is the number of nonconformities per item;
nt
D is the number of nonconformities in the population or lot;
nt
N is the population or lot size
NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.11.
NOTE 2 An item may contain one or more nonconformities.
3.11
lot
definite part of a population constituted under essentially the same conditions as the population with respect to
the sampling purpose
NOTE The sampling purpose can, for example, be to determine lot acceptability, or to estimate the mean value of a
particular characteristic.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.4]
3.12
lot size
number of items (3.3) in a lot (3.11)
[ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.14]
3.13
sample
subset of a population made up of one or more sampling units
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.17]
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
3.14
sample size
number of sampling units in a sample (3.13)
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.26]
3.15
acceptance sampling plan
plan which states the sample size(s) (3.14) to be used and the associated criteria for lot acceptance
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.3.3]
3.16
consumer's risk quality
Q
CR
〈acceptance sampling〉 quality level of a lot (3.11) or process which, in the acceptance sampling plan (3.15),
corresponds to a specified consumer's risk
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.6.9]
NOTE The specified consumer's risk is usually 10 %.
3.17
producer's risk quality
Q
PR
〈acceptance sampling〉 quality level of a lot (3.11) or process which, in the acceptance sampling plan (3.15),
corresponds to a specified producer's risk
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.6.10]
NOTE The specified producer's risk is usually 5 %.
3.18
count
when inspection by attributes is performed, the result of the inspection of each sample item
NOTE In the case of the inspection for nonconforming items, the count is set to 1 if the sample item is nonconforming.
In the case of the inspection for nonconformities, the count is set to the number of nonconformities found in the sample
item.
3.19
cumulative count
when a sequential sampling plan is used, the sum of the counts during inspection, counting from the start of
the inspection of the lot up to, and including, the sample item last inspected
3.20
cumulative sample size
when a sequential sampling plan is used, the total number of sample items during inspection, counting from
the start of the inspection of the lot up to, and including, the sample item last inspected
3.21
acceptance value
〈for sequential sampling〉 value used in the graphical method for determination of acceptance of the lot, that is
derived from the specified parameters of the sampling plan and the cumulative sample size
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
3.22
acceptance number
〈for sequential sampling〉 number used in the numerical method for determination of acceptance of the lot, that
is obtained by rounding the acceptance value down to the nearest integer
3.23
rejection value
〈for sequential sampling〉 value used in the graphical method for determination of non-acceptance of the lot,
that is derived from the specified parameters of the sampling plan and the cumulative sample size
3.24
rejection number
〈for sequential sampling〉 number used in the numerical method for determination of non-acceptance of the lot,
that is obtained by rounding the rejection value up to the nearest integer
3.25
acceptability table
table used for the lot acceptability determination in the numerical method
3.26
acceptability chart
chart used for the lot acceptability determination in the graphical method, consisting of the following three
zones:
⎯ acceptance zone;
⎯ rejection zone;
⎯ indecision zone;
the borders being acceptance, rejection and curtailment lines
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
The symbols and abbreviations used in this International Standard are as follows:
A acceptance value (for sequential sampling plan)
Ac acceptance number
Ac acceptance number for a corresponding single sampling plan
0
Ac acceptance number at curtailment (curtailment value)
t
d count
D cumulative count
g parameter giving the slope of the acceptance and rejection lines
h parameter giving the intercept of the acceptance line
A
h parameter giving the intercept of the rejection line
R
n sample size for a corresponding single sampling plan
0
n cumulative sample size
cum
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
n cumulative sample size at curtailment (curtailment value)
t
P process average
p quality level for which the probability of acceptance is x, where x is a fraction
x
P probability of acceptance (in percent)
a
Q consumer's risk quality (in percent nonconforming items or in nonconformities per hundred items)
CR
Q producer's risk quality (in percent nonconforming items or in nonconformities per hundred items)
PR
R rejection value (for sequential sampling plan)
Re rejection number
Re rejection number for a corresponding single sampling plan
0
Re rejection number at curtailment (curtailment value)
t
NOTE Re = Ac + 1
t t
α producer's risk
β consumer's risk
5 Principles of sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes
Under a sequential sampling plan by attributes, sample items are drawn at random and inspected one by one,
and the cumulative count (the total number of nonconforming items or nonconformities) is obtained. After the
inspection of each item, the cumulative count is compared with the acceptability criteria in order to assess
whether there is sufficient information to decide about the lot at that stage of the inspection.
If, at a given stage, the cumulative count is such that the risk of accepting a lot of unsatisfactory quality level is
sufficiently low, the lot is considered acceptable and the inspection is terminated.
If, on the other hand, the cumulative count is such that the risk of non-acceptance of a lot of satisfactory
quality level is sufficiently low, the lot is considered not acceptable and the inspection is terminated.
If the cumulative count does not allow either of the above decisions to be taken, then an additional item is
sampled and inspected. The process is continued until sufficient sample information has been accumulated to
warrant a decision that the lot is acceptable or not acceptable.
6 Selection of a sampling plan
6.1 Producer’s risk point and consumer’s risk point
The general method described in 6.1 and 6.2 is used when the requirements of the sequential sampling plan
are specified in terms of two points on the operating characteristic curve of the plan. The point corresponding
to the higher probability of acceptance shall be designated the producer’s risk point; the other shall be
designated the consumer’s risk point.
The first step when designing a sequential sampling plan is to choose these two points, if they have not
already been dictated by circumstances. For this purpose, the following combination is often used:
⎯ a producer’s risk of αu 0,05 and the corresponding producer’s risk quality (Q ), and
PR
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ISO 8422:2006(E)
⎯ a consumer’s risk of βu 0,10 and the corresponding consumer’s risk quality (Q ).
CR
When the desired sequential sampling plan is required to have approximately the same operating
characteristic curve as an existing single, double or multiple sampling plan, the producer’s risk point and the
consumer’s risk point may be read off from a graph or a table of the operating characteristic of that plan.
When no such plan exists, the producer’s and the consumer’s risk points have to be determined from direct
consideration of the conditions under which the sampling plan operates.
6.2 Preferred values of Q and Q
PR CR
Tables 1 and 2 give 28 preferred values of Q (producer’s risk quality) ranging from 0,020 % to 10,0 %, and
PR
23 preferred values of Q (consumer’s risk quality) ranging from 0,200 % to 31,5 %. This International
CR
Standard is applicable only when a combination of the preferred values of Q and Q is chosen under the
PR CR
constraints 0αu,05 and βu 0,10 .
6.3 Pre-operation preparations
6.3.1 Obtaining the parameters h , h and g
A R
The criteria for acceptance and non-acceptance of a lot that are invoked at each stage of inspection are
determined from the parameters h , h , and g.
A R
Tables 1 and 2 give the values of these parameters corresponding to a combination of preferred values of
Q and Q together with a producer’s risk
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 8422
Deuxième édition
2006-10-01



Plans d'échantillonnage progressif pour
le contrôle par attributs
Sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes




Numéro de référence
ISO 8422:2006(F)
©
ISO 2006

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ISO 8422:2006(F)
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ii © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 8422:2006(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. iv
Introduction . v
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Références normatives . 2
3 Termes et définitions. 2
4 Symboles et termes abrégés . 6
5 Principes des plans d'échantillonnage progressif pour contrôle par attributs . 7
6 Sélection d'un plan d'échantillonnage . 8
7 Mise en œuvre d'un plan d'échantillonnage progressif . 8
8 Exemple numérique. 12
9 Tableaux . 13
Annexe A (informative) Propriétés statistiques du plan d'échantillonnage progressif pour contrôle
par attributs . 26
Bibliographie . 33

© ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés iii

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ISO 8422:2006(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 8422 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 69, Application des méthodes statistiques,
sous-comité SC 5, Échantillonnage en vue d'acceptation.
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition (ISO 8422:1991), qui a fait l'objet d'une
révision technique.Elle incorpore également le Rectificatif technique ISO 8422:1991/Cor.1:1993. Les
améliorations suivantes ont été apportées:
⎯ les valeurs recommandées de qualité du risque du fournisseur et de qualité du risque du client ont été
modifiées et leur série a été élargie,
⎯ les valeurs des paramètres h , h et g ont été recalculées afin de fournir des plans qui répondent plus
A R
exactement aux conditions déclarées,
⎯ les valeurs de qualité du risque du client en pourcentage de non-conformes sont séparées de celles
correspondant au nombre de non-conformités pour 100 individus, tant dans les tableaux principaux que
dans le Tableau A.1, comprenant les effectifs moyens d'échantillon de plans d'échantillonnage progressif.
La version révisée de l'Annexe A de l'ISO 8422:1991 a été publiée en tant que nouvelle Norme internationale,
sous la référence ISO 2859-5.
iv © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 8422:2006(F)
Introduction
Les processus de production actuels prévoient le plus souvent d'atteindre des niveaux élevés de qualité tels
−6
que le nombre d'individus non conformes est exprimé en parties par million (10 ). Dans de telles
circonstances, les plans d'échantillonnage pour acceptation les plus utilisés, tels que ceux présentés dans
l'ISO 2859-1, nécessitent des effectifs d'échantillon d'une importance telle qu'il est difficile de les traiter. Pour
pallier ce problème, les utilisateurs appliquent des plans d'échantillonnage pour acceptation présentant des
probabilités très élevées de décisions erronées ou, dans des cas extrêmes, ils préfèrent ne pas utiliser du tout
les règles d'échantillonnage pour acceptation. Cependant, dans bon nombre de situations, l'acceptation de
produits de haute qualité nécessite encore d'utiliser des méthodes statistiques normalisées. Dans ce cas, il
est nécessaire d'appliquer des règles statistiques impliquant les plus faibles effectifs d'échantillon possibles.
Les plans d'échantillonnage progressif constituent les seules règles statistiques permettant de satisfaire cette
nécessité dans la mesure où parmi tous les plans d'échantillonnage disponibles ayant des propriétés
statistiques similaires, le plan d'échantillonnage progressif a l'effectif moyen d'échantillon le plus faible.
Les plans d'échantillonnage progressif présentent le principal avantage de réduire l'effectif moyen
d'échantillon. L'effectif moyen d'échantillon est la moyenne pondérée de tous les effectifs d'échantillon
susceptibles d'être obtenus pour un plan d'échantillonnage pour un niveau de qualité d'un lot ou processus
donné. Comme pour les plans d'échantillonnage double et multiple, l'utilisation de plans d'échantillonnage
progressif conduit à un effectif moyen d'échantillon inférieur à celui qu'il faut pour des plans d'échantillonnage
simple ayant la même efficacité. Cependant, les économies moyennes sont souvent plus importantes lors de
l'utilisation d'un plan d'échantillonnage progressif que d'un plan d'échantillonnage double ou multiple. Pour
des lots de très bonne qualité, les économies maximales pour des plans d'échantillonnage progressif peuvent
atteindre 85 %, comparées à une économie de 37 % pour des plans d'échantillonnage double et de 75 %
pour des plans d'échantillonnage multiple. D'autre part, le nombre réel d'individus contrôlés pour un lot
particulier en plan d'échantillonnage double, multiple ou progressif, peut dépasser l'effectif d'échantillon, n ,
0
du plan d'échantillonnage simple correspondant. Pour des plans d'échantillonnage double et multiple, il existe
une limite supérieure de 1,25n au nombre réel d'individus à contrôler. Pour les plans d'échantillonnage
0
progressif classiques, il n'existe pas une telle limite et le nombre réel d'individus contrôlés peut excéder
l'effectif d'échantillon du plan d'échantillonnage simple correspondant, n , voire dépasser l'effectif du lot, N.
0
Pour les plans d'échantillonnage progressif de la présente Norme internationale, une règle de troncage a été
introduite qui implique une limite supérieure n au nombre réel d'individus à contrôler.
t
Les autres facteurs dont il convient de tenir compte comprennent:
a) Simplicité
Les règles d'un plan d'échantillonnage progressif sont plus facilement mal interprétées par les contrôleurs que
les règles plus faciles d'un plan d'échantillonnage simple.
b) Variabilité du nombre de contrôles
Dans la mesure où le nombre réel d'individus contrôlés pour un lot particulier n'est pas connu à l'avance,
l'utilisation de plans d'échantillonnage progressif peut présenter des difficultés organisationnelles. Par
exemple, des difficultés de planification des opérations de contrôle.
c) Facilité de prélèvement des individus
Si le prélèvement des individus à différents moments se révèle coûteux, l'intérêt de réduire l'effectif moyen
d'échantillon en utilisant des plans d'échantillonnage progressif peut être annulé par l'augmentation du coût
d'échantillonnage.
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ISO 8422:2006(F)
d) Durée de l'essai
Lorsque la durée de l'essai d'un individu simple est longue et qu'il est possible de vérifier un certain nombre
d'individus en même temps, les plans d'échantillonnage progressif sont plus longs à réaliser que les plans
d'échantillonnage simples correspondants.
e) Variabilité de la qualité au sein du lot
Si le lot comprend deux sous-lots ou plus provenant de différentes sources et s'il est probable qu'il existe une
différence substantielle en termes de qualité des sous-lots, le prélèvement d'un échantillon représentatif pour
un plan d'échantillonnage progressif est beaucoup plus difficile à réaliser que pour le plan d'échantillonnage
simple correspondant.
Les avantages et les inconvénients des plans d'échantillonnage double et multiple sont toujours fonction de
ceux que présentent les plans d'échantillonnage simple et progressif. Le résultat de la balance entre
l'avantage d'un effectif moyen d'échantillon plus petit et les inconvénients cités ci-dessus est que les plans
d'échantillonnage progressif ne sont appropriés que lorsque le contrôle des individus discrets est coûteux par
rapport aux frais généraux de contrôle.
Le choix entre des plans d'échantillonnage simple, double, multiple et progressif doit être fait avant le début
du contrôle d'un lot. Il n'est pas possible pendant le contrôle d'un lot de changer un type de plan
d'échantillonnage pour un autre, car l'efficacité du plan peut être radicalement modifiée si les résultats du
contrôle réel influencent le choix du critère d'acceptation.
Bien que l'utilisation de plans d'échantillonnage progressif soit en moyenne plus économique que l'utilisation
des plans d'échantillonnage simple correspondants, l'acceptation ou la non-acceptation peut survenir à un
stade très tardif, le résultat du cumul d'individus non conformes (ou de non-conformités) restant compris très
longtemps entre les critères d'acceptation et de rejet. Pour la méthode graphique, cela se traduit par la
progression aléatoire de la courbe en escalier dans la zone d'indécision. Une telle situation est d'autant plus
probable que le niveau de qualité du lot ou du processus (en termes de pourcentage de non conformes ou en
nombre de non-conformités pour 100 individus) est proche de 100g, où g représente le paramètre donnant la
pente des lignes d'acceptation et de rejet.
Afin d'améliorer cette situation, la valeur de troncage de l'effectif d'échantillon est établie avant le début du
contrôle d'un lot. Si l'effectif cumulé d'échantillon atteint la valeur de troncage n sans détermination de
t
l'acceptabilité du lot, le contrôle est arrêté; l'acceptation ou la non-acceptation du lot est alors déterminée
selon les valeurs de troncage des critères d'acceptation et de rejet.
Pour les plans d'échantillonnage progressif d'usage courant, le troncage représente généralement un écart
par rapport à leurs usages prévus, donnant lieu à une déformation de leurs efficacités. Cependant, dans la
présente Norme internationale, les efficacités des plans d'échantillonnage progressif ont été déterminées en
tenant compte du troncage de sorte qu'il fasse partie intégrante des plans fournis.
L'ISO 2859-5 fournit également des plans d'échantillonnage progressif pour le contrôle par attributs.
Cependant, le principe de conception de ces plans est fondamentalement différent de celui spécifié dans la
présente Norme internationale. Les plans d'échantillonnage de l'ISO 2859-5 sont conçus pour compléter le
système d'échantillonnage pour acceptation pour le contrôle par attributs de l'ISO 2859-1. Il convient par
conséquent de les utiliser pour le contrôle d'une série continue de lots, c'est-à-dire une série suffisamment
longue pour pouvoir appliquer les règles de modification (passage) du système de l'ISO 2859. L'application
des règles de modification constitue le seul moyen de renforcer la protection du client (au moyen de critères
de contrôle par échantillonnage renforcé ou l'interruption du contrôle par échantillonnage) lorsqu'on utilise les
plans d'échantillonnage progressif de l'ISO 2859-5. Cependant, dans certaines circonstances, il est
absolument nécessaire de totalement maîtriser les risques fournisseur et client. De telles situations peuvent
par exemple survenir lorsque l'échantillonnage est réalisé pour des raisons d'ordre réglementaire, pour
démontrer la qualité des processus de production ou pour vérifier des hypothèses. Dans ce cas, le choix
d'utiliser les plans d'échantillonnage individuels spécifiés dans les procédures d'échantillonnage de
l'ISO 2859-5 peut se révéler inapproprié. Les plans d'échantillonnage donnés dans la présente Norme
internationale ont été conçus pour satisfaire ces conditions spécifiques.
vi © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 8422:2006(F)

Plans d'échantillonnage progressif pour le contrôle par
attributs
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme internationale spécifie des plans et des règles d'échantillonnage progressif pour le
contrôle par attributs d'individus discrets.
Les plans sont indexés en termes de point du risque fournisseur et de point du risque client. Par conséquent,
ils peuvent être utilisés pour l'échantillonnage pour acceptation mais également à des fins plus générales de
vérification d'hypothèses statistiques simples concernant des proportions.
La présente Norme internationale fournit des règles, basées sur la détermination progressive des résultats de
contrôle, pouvant être utilisées pour inciter le fournisseur, par des pressions économiques et psychologiques
liées à la non-acceptation de lots de qualité inférieure, à fournir des lots de qualité ayant une forte probabilité
d'acceptation. En même temps, le client est protégé par une limite supérieure imposée de la probabilité
d'accepter des lots de faible qualité.
La présente Norme internationale fournit des plans d'échantillonnage, d'une manière non limitative,
notamment aux contrôles ci-après:
⎯ produits finis;
⎯ composants et matières premières;
⎯ opérations;
⎯ matériaux en cours de fabrication;
⎯ fournitures en stock;
⎯ opérations d'entretien;
⎯ informations ou enregistrements;
⎯ procédures administratives.
La présente Norme internationale contient des plans d'échantillonnage pour le contrôle par attributs
d'individus discrets. Les plans d'échantillonnage peuvent être utilisés lorsque l'évaluation de la non-conformité
s'exprime soit en termes de proportion (ou pourcentage) d'individus non conformes, soit en termes de
non-conformités par individu (pour 100 individus).
Les plans d'échantillonnage sont fondés sur l'hypothèse selon laquelle les non-conformités surviennent de
façon aléatoire et sont statistiquement indépendantes. Il peut exister de bonnes raisons de supposer qu'une
non-conformité dans un individu puisse être provoquée par une condition qui provoquerait des non-
conformités également dans d'autres individus. Dans ce cas, mieux vaudrait considérer les individus comme
étant simplement conformes ou non conformes, et ignorer les non-conformités multiples.
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ISO 8422:2006(F)
Il convient d'utiliser les plans d'échantillonnage de la présente Norme internationale principalement pour
l'analyse d'échantillons prélevés de processus. Par exemple, ils peuvent être utilisés pour l'échantillonnage
pour acceptation de lots prélevés d'un processus sous maîtrise statistique. Par ailleurs, ils peuvent également
être utilisés pour l'échantillonnage pour acceptation d'un lot isolé dont l'effectif est important et la proportion
prévue de non-conformités est faible (sensiblement inférieure à 10 %).
Dans le cas de l'échantillonnage pour acceptation d'une série continue de lots, il convient d'appliquer le
système des plans d'échantillonnage progressif pour le contrôle lot par lot, indexés d'après le niveau de
qualité acceptable (NQA) de l'ISO 2859-5.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 3534-1, Statistique — Vocabulaire et symboles — Partie 1: Termes statistiques généraux et termes
utilisés en calcul des probabilités
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l'ISO 3534-1 ainsi que les
suivants s'appliquent. La référence des définitions reprises sans modification est indiquée entre crochets,
pour plus de commodité.
3.1
contrôle
évaluation de la conformité par observation et jugement, accompagnés le cas échéant par des mesurages,
essais et passages au calibre
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.1.2]
3.2
contrôle par attributs
contrôle (3.1) consistant à noter la présence ou l'absence d'une ou plusieurs caractéristiques pour chacun
des individus du groupe considéré, et à compter combien de ces individus possèdent ou ne possèdent pas
cette (ces) caractéristique(s), ou encore à compter combien d'événements de même nature se produisent
dans l'individu, le groupe ou l'aire d'occurrence
NOTE Lorsque le contrôle consiste uniquement à noter si l'individu est conforme ou non conforme, le contrôle est
appelé contrôle d'individus non conformes. Lorsque le contrôle consiste à noter le nombre de non-conformités par unité, le
contrôle est appelé contrôle du nombre de non-conformités.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.1.3]
3.3
individu
entité
tout ce qui peut être décrit et considéré individuellement
EXEMPLE Une entité physique discrète, une quantité définie de matériau en vrac, un service, une activité, une
personne, un système ou une combinaison de l'ensemble.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.11]
2 © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 8422:2006(F)
3.4
non-conformité
non-satisfaction d'une exigence
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 3.1.11]
NOTE Voir les notes au 3.5.
3.5
défaut
non-satisfaction d'une exigence relative à une utilisation prévue ou spécifiée
NOTE 1 La distinction faite entre les concepts «défaut» et non-conformité (3.4) est importante car elle comporte des
connotations juridiques, particulièrement celles liées à la responsabilité du fait du produit. En conséquence, il convient
d'utiliser le terme «défaut» avec une extrême précaution.
NOTE 2 L'utilisation prévue, telle que prévue par le client, peut être affectée par la nature des informations, par
exemple les notices d'utilisation ou d'entretien, transmises par le client.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 3.1.12]
3.6
individu non conforme
individu (3.3 ) avec une ou plusieurs non-conformités (3.4)
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.12]
3.7
pourcentage de non-conformes
〈dans un échantillon〉 cent fois le nombre d'individus non conformes (3.6 ) de l'échantillon (3.13 ) divisé par
l'effectif d'échantillon (3.14 ), soit:
d
100 ×
n

d est le nombre d'individus non conformes de l'échantillon;
n est l'effectif d'échantillon
[ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.8]
3.8
pourcentage de non-conformes
〈dans une population ou dans un lot〉 cent fois le nombre d'individus non conformes (3.6) de la population
ou du lot (3.11) divisé par l'effectif du lot (3.12) ou de la population, soit:
D
ni
100×=p 100×
ni
N

p est la proportion d'individus non conformes;
ni
D est le nombre d'individus non conformes de la population ou du lot;
ni
N est l'effectif de la population ou du lot
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ISO 8422:2006(F)
NOTE 1 Adapté de l'ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.9.
NOTE 2 Dans la présente Norme internationale, les termes pourcentage de non-conformes (3.7 et 3.8) et nombre
de non-conformités pour 100 individus (3.9 et 3.10) sont principalement employés à la place des termes théoriques
«proportion d'individus non conformes» et «nombre de non-conformités par individu», car les deux termes précités sont
les plus largement répandus.
3.9
nombre de non-conformités pour 100 individus
〈dans un échantillon〉 cent fois le nombre de non-conformités (3.4) de l'échantillon (3.13) divisé par l'effectif
d'échantillon (3.14), soit:
d
100 ×
n

d est le nombre de non-conformités trouvées dans l'échantillon;
n est l'effectif d'échantillon
[ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.10]
3.10
nombre de non-conformités pour 100 individus
〈dans une population ou dans un lot〉 100 fois le nombre de non-conformités (3.4) de la population ou du lot
(3.11) divisé par l'effectif du lot (3.12) ou de la population, soit:
D
nt
100×=p 100×
nt
N

p est le nombre de non-conformités par individu;
nt
D est le nombre de non-conformités de la population ou du lot;
nt
N est l'effectif de la population ou du lot
NOTE 1 Adapté de l'ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.11.
NOTE 2 Un individu peut contenir une ou plusieurs non-conformités.
3.11
lot
partie définie d'une population constituée essentiellement dans les mêmes conditions que la population pour
ce qui concerne l'échantillonnage
NOTE L'échantillonnage peut par exemple être réalisé pour déterminer l'acceptabilité d'un lot ou pour estimer la
valeur moyenne d'une caractéristique particulière.
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.4]
3.12
effectif du lot
nombre d'individus (3.3) dans un lot (3.11)
[ISO 2859-1:1999, 3.1.14]
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ISO 8422:2006(F)
3.13
échantillon
sous-ensemble d'une population constitué d'une ou de plusieurs unités d'échantillonnage
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.17]
3.14
taille de l'échantillon
nombre d'unités d'échantillonnage constituant un échantillon (3.13)
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.26]
3.15
plan d'échantillonnage pour acceptation
plan définissant la taille de l'échantillon (3.14) ou des échantillons à utiliser et les critères associés pour
l'acceptation du lot
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.3.3]
3.16
qualité du risque du client
Q
RC
〈échantillonnage pour acceptation〉 niveau de qualité d'un lot (3.11) ou d'un processus qui, dans le plan
d'échantillonnage pour acceptation (3.15), correspond à un risque du client spécifié
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.6.9]
NOTE Le risque du client spécifié est généralement de 10 %.
3.17
qualité du risque du fournisseur
Q
RF
〈échantillonnage pour acceptation〉 niveau de qualité d'un lot (3.11) ou d'un processus qui, dans le plan
d'échantillonnage pour acceptation (3.15), correspond à un risque du fournisseur spécifié
[ISO 3534-2:2006, 4.6.10]
NOTE Le risque du fournisseur spécifié est généralement de 5 %.
3.18
cumul
lorsqu'un contrôle par attributs est effectué, résultat du contrôle de chaque individu
NOTE Pour le contrôle des individus non conformes, le cumul est fixé à 1 si l'individu est non conforme. Pour le
contrôle du nombre de non-conformités, le cumul est fixé au nombre de non-conformités trouvées dans l'individu.
3.19
résultat du cumul
lorsqu'un plan d'échantillonnage progressif est utilisé, la somme des cumuls obtenus pendant le contrôle,
comptés à partir du début du contrôle du lot jusqu'au dernier individu contrôlé inclus
3.20
effectif cumulé d'échantillon
lorsqu'un plan d'échantillonnage progressif est utilisé, nombre total d'individus contrôlés, comptés à partir du
début du contrôle du lot jusqu'au dernier individu contrôlé inclus
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ISO 8422:2006(F)
3.21
valeur d'acceptation
〈pour l'échantillonnage progressif〉 valeur utilisée dans la méthode graphique pour déterminer l'acceptation du
lot qui est déduite des paramètres spécifiés du plan d'échantillonnage et de l'effectif cumulé d'échantillon
3.22
critère d'acceptation
〈pour l'échantillonnage progressif〉 critère utilisé dans la méthode numérique pour déterminer l'acceptation du
lot qui est obtenu en arrondissant la valeur d'acceptation au plus proche entier inférieur
3.23
valeur de rejet
〈pour l'échantillonnage progressif〉 valeur utilisée dans la méthode graphique pour déterminer la non-
acceptation du lot qui est déduite des paramètres spécifiés du plan d'échantillonnage et de l'effectif cumulé
d'échantillon
3.24
critère de rejet
〈pour l'échantillonnage progressif〉 critère utilisé dans la méthode numérique pour déterminer la non-
acceptation du lot qui est obtenu en arrondissant la valeur de rejet au plus proche entier supérieur
3.25
table d'acceptabilité
table utilisée dans la méthode numérique pour déterminer l'acceptabilité du lot
3.26
graphique d'acceptabilité
graphique utilisé dans la méthode graphique pour déterminer l'acceptabilité du lot et constitué des trois zones
suivantes:
⎯ zone d'acceptation,
⎯ zone de rejet,
⎯ zone d'indécision,
délimitées par les lignes d'acceptation, de rejet et de troncage
4 Symboles et termes abrégés
Les symboles et termes abrégés utilisés dans la présente Norme internationale sont les suivants:
A valeur d'acceptation (pour le plan d'échantillonnage progressif).
Ac critère d'acceptation
Ac critère d'acceptation pour un plan d'échantillonnage simple correspondant
0
Ac critère d'acceptation au troncage (valeur de troncage)
t
d cumul
D résultat du cumul
g paramètre donnant la pente de la ligne d'acceptation et de la ligne de rejet
h paramètre donnant l'ordonnée à l'origine de la ligne d'acceptation

A
6 © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 8422:2006(F)
h paramètre donnant l'ordonnée à l'origine de la ligne de rejet
R
n effectif d'échantillon pour un plan d'échantillonnage simple correspondant
0
n effectif cumulé d'échantillon
cum
n effectif cumulé d'échantillon au troncage (valeur de troncage)
t
P moyenne du processus
p niveau de qualité pour lequel la probabilité d'acceptation est x, où x est une décimale
x
P probabilité d'acceptation (en pourcentage)
a
Q qualité du risque du client (en pourcentage d'individus non conformes ou en nombre de non-
RC
conformités par individus)
Q qualité du risque du fournisseur (en pourcentage d'individus non conformes ou en nombre de non-
RF
conformités par individus)
R valeur de rejet (pour le plan d'échantillonnage progressif)
Re critère de rejet
Re critère de rejet pour un plan d'échantillonnage simple correspondant

0
Re critère de rejet au troncage (valeur de troncage)
t
NOTE Re = Ac + 1
t t
α risque du fournisseur
β risque du client
5 Principes des plans d'échantillonnage progressif pour contrôle par attributs
Dans un plan d'échantillonnage progressif par attributs, les individus sont prélevés au hasard et soumis au
contrôle un par un et le résultat du cumul (le nombre total d'individus non conformes ou de non-conformités)
est obtenu. Après le
...

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