Packaging — Accessible design — Handling and manipulation

This document provides requirements and recommendations in designing consumer packages, independent of material, to increase accessibility with regard to handling and manipulation. The document considers packaging needs from a wide range of users with diverse human abilities and needs in diverse contexts of use. Handling and manipulation include human physical abilities like holding, lifting, carrying, pulling, pushing, sliding, grasping, twisting, tearing and any combination of those actions related to portability, opening, re-closing and taking out contents of packages as well as to storage and disposal. Requirements and recommendations with regard to those abilities are provided for people with special needs including older people and people with disabilities in their handling and manipulation of packages. This document focuses on physical handling and manipulation which necessarily includes the processes of opening and closing specifically detailed in ISO 17480. It applies to reclosable and non-reclosable consumer packaging without using any other mechanical means. This document is primarily for designers, developers and evaluators of packaging and is also useful for other disciplines. Handling and manipulation for transportation of packaging is not covered in this standard. It does not apply to products regulated for safety or other reasons (e.g. toxic or dangerous goods and substances, medicinal products, and medical devices).

Emballages — Conception accessible — Manutention et manipulation

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
18-Jul-2019
Current Stage
6060 - International Standard published
Due Date
22-Dec-2019
Completion Date
19-Jul-2019
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ISO 22015:2019 - Packaging -- Accessible design -- Handling and manipulation
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22015
First edition
2019-07
Packaging — Accessible design —
Handling and manipulation
Emballages — Conception accessible — Manutention et manipulation
Reference number
ISO 22015:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019

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ISO 22015:2019(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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ISO 22015:2019(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Design considerations for increasing accessibility in handling and manipulation .2
4.1 General . 2
4.1.1 General considerations . 2
4.1.2 Mapping . 2
4.1.3 Affordance . 2
4.1.4 Feedback . 2
4.1.5 Avoidance of simultaneous multiple operations . 2
4.2 Weight and shape . 3
4.2.1 Weight . 3
4.2.2 Shape . 3
4.2.3 Grip and grip size . 3
4.2.4 Balance and stability . 3
4.3 Ease of manipulation for opening and reclosing . 3
4.3.1 Opening and reclosing mechanisms . 3
4.3.2 Screw-tops . 4
4.3.3 Top seals . 4
4.3.4 Tearing . 4
4.3.5 Lids . 4
4.4 Ease of use: taking out contents . 4
4.4.1 Measured dispensing . 4
4.4.2 Prevention of splashing or spilling . 4
4.5 Storage . 4
4.6 Disposal and recycle . 4
4.6.1 Disposal and separation . 4
4.6.2 Folding and crushing . 5
5 Safety . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.1.1 Foolproof . 5
5.1.2 Failsafe . 5
5.2 Specific considerations . 5
5.2.1 Sharp points or edges . 5
5.2.2 Weight . 5
5.2.3 Heat protection . 5
6 Evaluation of handling and manipulation . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Instrument-based evaluation . 6
6.3 User-based evaluation . 6
7 Conformance . 6
Annex A (informative) Ergonomics and ergonomic data for handling and manipulation of
packaging . 7
Annex B (informative) Examples of packages of ease of handling and manipulation .20
Bibliography .26
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ISO 22015:2019(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 122, Packaging.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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ISO 22015:2019(E)

Introduction
While packages have become usable to a wide user range, including older people and people with
disabilities, some users have difficulties with handling and manipulating packages. This includes
holding, lifting, carrying, and grasping packages. These difficulties can be due to a heavy weight or
a large size which is hard to lift or grasp for people with reduced physical abilities because of age or
physical impairments. These problems, which are clearly addressing accessibility issues, should be
solved with urgent attention for consumer packages to be used widely by users who have weakened or
limited physical abilities.
Standards for increasing accessibility in packaging have been developed progressively for some
particular issues, such as ease of opening and clear information and marking, as well as some specific
cases, such as Braille on medicinal packages. While these standards have contributed effectively to
make packages accessible, they still do not cover all the accessibility issues related to handling and
manipulation of packages, even though the issues have been clearly addressed in the general framework
of a set of accessibility standards in packaging.
This document was developed with an intention to provide requirements and recommendations with
regard to handling and manipulation for increasing accessibility of packaging in the concepts and goals
[1] [2]
which are expressed in ISO/IEC Guide 71 and ISO/TR 22411 .
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22015:2019(E)
Packaging — Accessible design — Handling and
manipulation
1 Scope
This document provides requirements and recommendations in designing consumer packages,
independent of material, to increase accessibility with regard to handling and manipulation. The
document considers packaging needs from a wide range of users with diverse human abilities and
needs in diverse contexts of use.
Handling and manipulation include human physical abilities like holding, lifting, carrying, pulling,
pushing, sliding, grasping, twisting, tearing and any combination of those actions related to portability,
opening, re-closing and taking out contents of packages as well as to storage and disposal. Requirements
and recommendations with regard to those abilities are provided for people with special needs
including older people and people with disabilities in their handling and manipulation of packages. This
document focuses on physical handling and manipulation which necessarily includes the processes
of opening and closing specifically detailed in ISO 17480. It applies to reclosable and non-reclosable
consumer packaging without using any other mechanical means.
This document is primarily for designers, developers and evaluators of packaging and is also useful for
other disciplines.
Handling and manipulation for transportation of packaging is not covered in this standard. It does not
apply to products regulated for safety or other reasons (e.g. toxic or dangerous goods and substances,
medicinal products, and medical devices).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 17480, Packaging — Accessible design — Ease of opening
ISO 21067-1, Packaging — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 17480, ISO 21067-1 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
accessibility
extent to which products, systems, services, environments and facilities can be used by people from a
population with the widest range of user needs, characteristics and capabilities to achieve identified
goals in identified contexts of use
Note 1 to entry: Context of use includes direct use or use supported by assistive technologies.
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[SOURCE: ISO 9241-112:2017, 3.15]
3.2
reclosable package
package which, after it has been initially opened, is capable of being reclosed with a similar degree of
security and is capable of being used a sufficient number of times to dispense the total contents without
loss of security
[SOURCE: ISO 8317:2015, 2.4]
3.3
user-based evaluation
evaluation that uses a method involving users with or without the use of measurement instruments
and provides insight into the user’s sensory, physical, and cognitive aspects
[SOURCE: ISO 17480:2015, 3.7]
4 Design considerations for increasing accessibility in handling and
manipulation
4.1 General
4.1.1 General considerations
Packaging shall be designed taking into account users with physical, visual, and cognitive disabilities
who have increased difficulty when handling and manipulating packaging that is likely to result in
undesirable outcomes. Design items that relate to ease of carrying, opening, reclosing, measuring,
take-out, storage, and disposal, shall be considered to increase accessibility to those people
[18]
(see ISO 11156 ).
4.1.2 Mapping
The direction of movement in handling and manipulation should correspond with that shown in signs
or labels.
EXAMPLE A screw-top of clockwise rotation with a label of arrow(s) showing clockwise.
4.1.3 Affordance
The action that users need for handling and manipulation of packaging should be easily understood
from the design before operation.
EXAMPLE A triangle notch at the edge of packaging to show to tear off for opening.
4.1.4 Feedback
Feedback of operation in handling and manipulation of packaging should be provided in any form when
possible.
EXAMPLE A click sound at reclosing.
4.1.5 Avoidance of simultaneous multiple operations
Simultaneous multiple operations such as pressing and rotating at the same time should not be used
except for the case of secure safety such as child-resistance.
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ISO 22015:2019(E)

4.2 Weight and shape
4.2.1 Weight
Packages should be light enough to be held and lifted whether they are intended to be handled by both
hands or by one hand. If packages are too heavy, mechanical assistance should be provided for ease
of holding, lifting and carrying. Ergonomic knowledge and data for weight of packages are given in
Annex A.
NOTE Some older users or users with physical disabilities like rheumatism have difficulty in holding, lifting,
and carrying of packages due to their weak muscle strength.
EXAMPLE Handle(s) attached to the side of a package for easy lifting (see Annex A and Figure B.1).
4.2.2 Shape
The shape of packages should be designed for ease of handling and manipulation in accordance with the
types of holding, lifting, and grasping packages.
The shape of packages should be designed so that they accommodate users and situations where only
one hand is available.
4.2.3 Grip and grip size
Non-slippery surface finish should be used for ease of handling and grasping to exert the hand and arm
strength of the user effectively.
EXAMPLE 1 Grooves or dents on the side of a heavy PET bottle (see Figure B.2).
EXAMPLE 2 Dimple processed edges of a flexible bag (see Figure B.3).
The width and shape for hand-gripping should be designed for easy gripping and holding by users with
the widest range of characteristics and capabilities. Ergonomic knowledge and data for grip size and
grip force are given in Annex A.
EXAMPLE 3 Pinched waist of a PET bottle or a cosmetic bottle (see Figure B.4).
4.2.4 Balance and stability
Packages should be designed well balanced in weight so that they do not tip over easily when placed on
a flat surface.
NOTE 1 Users with hand tremor have difficulty in fine controlling of placing packages.
NOTE 2 Users with visual disabilities are able to touch and tip over packages unintendedly.
4.3 Ease of manipulation for opening and reclosing
4.3.1 Opening and reclosing mechanisms
Opening and reclosing mechanisms of packaging shall be easily understood and manipulated for
intended actions such as grasping, pinching, rotating, twisting, tearing, pushing and pulling.
Reclosing should provide a mechanism to confirm the packaging is closed providing visual markings,
tactile markings, auditory information such as a click sound, or strength limits (see ISO 17480).
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ISO 22015:2019(E)

4.3.2 Screw-tops
A screw-top shall be easy for pinching. Its diameter should not be too small or too large. A screw-top
should have a sufficient purchase or friction (see Annex A).
EXAMPLE Longitudinal grooves on a screw-top of a PET bottle (see Figure B.5).
EXAMPLE 30 mm is commonly used for the diameter of a PET bottle for drinking.
4.3.3 Top seals
Packages with a top seal or a soft sheeted lid for opening should provide a tongue of suitable size for
easy pinching and pulling.
4.3.4 Tearing
Packaging that needs tearing off or peeling off for opening should not require fine dexterity or excessive
strength for pinching and grasping to users.
EXAMPLE A large tab of a top sealed package for easy pinching to open (see Figure B.6).
4.3.5 Lids
Lids of jars should be opened without the user feeling pain or discomfort. Care should be taken for
appropriate torque force and height for lids as affecting factors on ease of opening of jars (see Annex A).
NOTE Torque force data are found in ISO 17480:2015, Annex C.
4.4 Ease of use: taking out contents
4.4.1 Measured dispensing
Packages should be designed to support measured dispensing when useful and/or required.
EXAMPLE Measured quantity dispenser (see Figure B.7).
4.4.2 Prevention of splashing or spilling
Packages should be designed to assist users by preventing splashing and minimizing waste.
EXAMPLE Anti-splashing or anti-spilling bottle (see Figure B.8).
4.5 Storage
Accessible packages shall be designed in a shape which allows easy and efficient storage and ensures
stability during storage.
EXAMPLE Milk containers of rectangular shape that fit in the refrigerator box (see Figure B.9).
4.6 Disposal and recycle
4.6.1 Disposal and separation
Packages should be designed to enable users for easy disposal and for clear separation of material.
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ISO 22015:2019(E)

4.6.2 Folding and crushing
Packages should be designed for easy folding and crushing after use for disposal, even for users with
weak muscle strength.
EXAMPLE Paper boxes easily folded, and plastic bottles easily crushed for disposal (see Figure B.10).
5 Safety
5.1 General
5.1.1 Foolproof
Packaging should be designed so that any misuse or wrong operation cannot happen during handling
and manipulation of packages.
[19]
EXAMPLE Child-resistance packaging .
5.1.2 Failsafe
Packaging should be designed so that the effects can be recovered to the previous state or minimized
even when misuse or wrong operation happened.
EXAMPLE Child pouch cap (see Figure B.12).
5.2 Specific considerations
5.2.1 Sharp points or edges
Packages shall not have sharp points or harmful edges on the surface.
NOTE People with visual disabilities have a higher risk of being injured by sharp points or edges.
5.2.2 Weight
Packages shall not be too heavy, to avoid unintended drop during use (see 4.2.1 and Annex A).
5.2.3 Heat protection
Packages that are used with hot water in it, such as dried food, should have a heat protection mechanism
for handling.
EXAMPLE A package with double-cup structure for foods that need reconstitution with boiled water
(see Figure B.11).
6 Evaluation of handling and manipulation
6.1 General
Accessibility of packaging handling and manipulation shall be assessed by both instrument-based and
user-based evaluation. In case of direct evaluation of the user on his/her performance on handling
and manipulation, the user-based based evaluation should be used even if it involves measuring
instruments.
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6.2 Instrument-based evaluation
Instrument-based evaluation can provide physical quantitative data with regard to certain attributes
of handling and manipulation. The data includes size, weight, strength, torque and human muscle
strength. ISO 17480:2015, Annex B, should apply for the measurement.
6.3 User-based evaluation
User-based evaluation enables packaging designs assessments and allows an understanding to
develop of user’s performance in handling and manipulation. User-based evaluation should be used in
conjunction with other psychological methods, such as questionnaires and structured or unstructured
interviews. The data generated by these user-based evaluations can provide insights for improved
designs.
Instead of testing with the general population, a test population should be selected from those that are
most sensitive based on their characteristics and capabilities in using the packaging. The result can be
valid also for general populations that are less sensitive.
General information on how to set up and perform user-based evaluations can be found in ISO 17480
[3]
and the ISO 20282 series .
7 Conformance
Conformance with this document is achieved by satisfying all the requirements. If a package is claimed
to have met the requirements in this document, the procedure used to determine how they have been
met shall be specified. The detail to which the procedure is specified is a matter of negotiation between
the involved parties.
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ISO 22015:2019(E)

Annex A
(informative)

Ergonomics and ergonomic data for handling and manipulation of
packaging
A.1 General: Task analysis of packaging handling for understanding factors
affecting handling and manipulation of packaging
Assessment and understanding of packaging handling can be determined using task analysis methods.
While there are a number of different methods of task analyses, a simple Hierarchical Task Analysis
[4][6]
(HTA) can be used to interrogate the process of human-package interaction. This method provides
a structured, objective approach to characterize the steps required to accomplish a goal (in this case,
opening and using a package). Subsequent to initial mapping, the analysis can help identify sources
of confusion and assist to optimize the design of the packaged products and labelling to mitigate
the likelihood of unintended actions. The steps taken to perform and accomplish a given goal are
documented, described and analysed using task analysis methods.
A full task analysis would be conducted by a suitably qualified Human Factors and Ergonomics
professional and would be useful when considering individual population groups such as older people
living with dementia in the community setting, people with visual deficits, etc.
Schematically, the life cycle of the package and the complexity of its different activities, from the
consumer's point of view, consumer variables, as well as the packages variables, is shown in Figure A.1.
There are basically two different problems for each phase given in Figure A.1 that are of interest to the
consumer. One problem is with the information on the package, the other is with manual handling of
the package. Information shall be designed so that its content and form are relevant to the intended
purpose of the package so that it can be used with maximum convenience and a minimal number of
mistakes. The package shall also be designed so that it can be manually handled safely, conveniently and
easily in all aspects of use, bearing in mind the anatomical and physiological characteristics of its users.
In order to generate normative useful data in design the variables, consumer variables and packages
variables, specified in Figure A.1 shall be lined up against each other as in Figure A.1.
As described above a full HTA can be a complex and detailed process involving multiple layers of tasks
and subtasks. A simplified approach can be used for an initial review of physical package design.
An example of a simplified task analysis approach to identify the steps involved in human-package
interaction for accessing a cereal package, is described in Figure A.2.
It can be seen that the number of tasks and the complexity of those tasks can vary between package
[7]
types. Yoxall, et al. has shown that the time to perform a task and the perceived ease with which a
task can be achieved, significantly affects a participant's satisfaction with using the product and the
scope for error. The ease of manipulation and handling of the package is further complicated by the
package size, shape, weight, and context of use.
Therefore, packaging that facilitates the required outcome using the minimum number of tasks possible
is preferred. The tasks that do not have high strength or dexterous demands on the user and those that
are easy to understand are also preferre
...

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