Health informatics — Personal health data generated on a daily basis

This document provides an environmental scan of common data elements that are captured through various modalities such as cell phones, smart phones, mobile applications and remote monitoring devices that are combined with EHRs, patient portals and PHR systems which can ultimately be applicable to a variety of healthcare service environments. The Health-related data can be used to supplement existing clinical data, filling in gaps in information and providing a more comprehensive picture of ongoing patient healthcare.

Informatique de santé — Données personnelles de santé générées sur une base journalière

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
24-Jun-2020
Current Stage
6060 - International Standard published
Start Date
25-Jun-2020
Due Date
03-Oct-2019
Completion Date
25-Jun-2020
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 21835
First edition
2020-06
Health informatics — Personal health
data generated on a daily basis
Informatique de santé — Données personnelles de santé générées sur
une base journalière
Reference number
ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Use cases of health-related data . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Patient Reported Outcomes (PRO) . 2
4.2.1 General. 2
4.2.2 Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) —
Questionnaires, Ratings, Scale (QRS) . 3
4.2.3 Patient Report Outcome Measures (PROMs) . 3
4.3 Social Determinants of Health (SDH) . 4
4.3.1 Social Determinants of Health — In general . 4
4.3.2 Social Determinants of Health — At the local level . 5
4.4 Observations of Daily Living (ODLs) . 6
4.5 Patient-generated Health Data . 8
4.5.1 General. 8
4.5.2 Meaningful Use Stage 3 Objective 6 — Coordination of Care through
Patient Engagement . 8
4.5.3 Life Record . 9
4.5.4 Pain Assessment Notifier . 9
4.5.5 Score Card Tool for Health Metrics Transparency .11
5 Categorization of health-related data.12
5.1 Patient-generated indirect data .12
5.1.1 Questionnaire report .12
5.1.2 Sociality . .12
5.2 Patient-generated direct data .13
5.2.1 Breath capacity .13
5.2.2 Calories . . .13
5.2.3 Blood pressure .13
5.2.4 Blood sugar .13
5.2.5 Cholesterol .14
5.2.6 Step count .14
5.2.7 Sleep data .15
5.2.8 Stress .16
5.3 Patient and provider generated combination data .16
5.3.1 Allergy .16
5.3.2 Medication .17
5.3.3 Disease .17
5.3.4 Vaccination .17
5.3.5 Medical image report .17
5.4 Coded data elements .17
5.4.1 Questionnaire report .17
5.4.2 Allergy .17
5.4.3 Medication .17
5.4.4 Disease .17
5.4.5 Vaccination .18
5.4.6 Medical image report .18
5.4.7 Breath capacity .18
5.4.8 Calories . . .18
5.4.9 Blood pressure .18
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

5.4.10 Blood sugar .18
5.4.11 Cholesterol .18
5.5 Un-coded data elements .18
5.5.1 Step count .18
5.5.2 Sleep data .18
5.5.3 Stress .19
5.5.4 Sociality . .19
Bibliography .20
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 215, Health informatics.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

Introduction
The increasing number of smart phones, mobile applications and remote monitoring devices combined
with EHRs, patient portals and PHR systems enhance the patient’s engagement in healthcare services.
However, patient health data, which are constantly created, recorded, gathered or inferred have not yet
been actively utilized at the point of care.
Specifically, un-coded data are too subjective and informal. In order to be applicable to clinical
environment, ambiguity should be minimized or eliminated, and more precise. The health-related data
should accurately convey the concept they are intended to deliver. The ISO/IEEE 11073 series and IHE-
PCD Rosetta work are one of candidates to accomplish this goal. For health-related data to be reliably
integrated into the process of diagnostic and therapeutic decision making, they should be quality-
assured, trusted in accordance to accuracy of measurements.
In terms of safety and interoperability, AAMI/UL 2800 defined safety and related specifications of
Medical Device (MD) interface to be labelled or declared as Interoperable Medical Device. The standard
specifies MD interface characteristics to operate in safety conditions and focus on the mitigation of risk
associated with interoperability within the Integrated Clinical Environment (ICE) and Interoperable
Scenario (IS). It might be complementary to ISO/IEEE 11073-20601, particularly in mobile environments
for improving care delivery, optimizing workflow and reducing ambiguity.
The Personal Connected Health Alliance (PCHAlliance) released the Continual Design Guidelines
(CDGs) to enable the secure, private, reliable and accurate sharing of patient generated health data
1)
with healthcare providers, built-on HL7 FHIR® (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources)
specifications. The Continua Design Guidelines define an open, flexible framework for end-to-end
interoperability and the convenient collection and exchange of clinical grade health data for improved
health, wellness and disease management. They are built on existing open, international standards and
specifications including ISO/IEEE deliverables, IEC deliverables, HL7 deliverables, USB and Bluetooth.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recognizes the Continua Design Guidelines as an
international standard for personal health systems and makes them available for global adoption in
the several languages. Valuable tools and resources support product certification via the Continua
Design Guidelines, including: the Continua Enabling Software Library (CESL), CODE for Healthcare
and test tool development, representing millions of dollars worth of software development created by
Continua to enable complete end-to-end functionality. PCHAlliance members have access to Continua
Certified Experts (CCE), pre-market interoperability testing, Technical Operations Leads and brand
support for Continua Certified products. PCHAlliance also participates in a series of events around the
world to connect members with buyers, as well as Plugfests, Summits and an online Product Showcase
[18]
highlighting Continua Certified products and services .
Furthermore, Health-related data have in-depth relevance with IoT and related technologies because
health-related data are usually created by IoT devices. In order to ensure quality and safety of Health-
related data along with IoT, the Standard Development Organizations (SDOs) should collaborate with
each other more effectively.
1) FHIR® is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the convenience
of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)
Health informatics — Personal health data generated on a
daily basis
1 Scope
This document provides an environmental scan of common data elements that are captured through
various modalities such as cell phones, smart phones, mobile applications and remote monitoring
devices that are combined with EHRs, patient portals and PHR systems which can ultimately be
applicable to a variety of healthcare service environments.
The Health-related data can be used to supplement existing clinical data, filling in gaps in information
and providing a more comprehensive picture of ongoing patient healthcare.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
assessment
measurement, evaluation or judgment for a study variable pertaining to the status of a subject
3.2
biometric
use of specific attributes that reflect unique personal characteristics, such as a fingerprint, an eye
blood-vessel print, or a voice print, to validate the identity of entities
3.3
clinician
health professional who delivers health services directly to a patient/client
3.4
disorder
alterations or attributes of the health status of an individual which might lead to distress, interference
with daily activities, or contact with health
3.5
experience
facts, information and skills acquired through experience, reasoning or education
3.6
personal health data
personal data relevant to the health of an identified or identifiable natural person
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1

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ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

3.7
individual
single discrete entity
3.8
measure
collect quantifiable data about a function or process
3.9
monitor
medical device designed to acquire, display, record, and/or analyse patient data and to alert caregivers
of events needing their attention
3.10
observation
measurement of a single variable or single value derived logically and/or algebraically from other
measured or derived values
3.11
pain
health condition that results in some disability, pain and/or activity limitation
3.12
patient
synonym for a subject of care
3.13
symptom
untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject administered a
pharmaceutical product that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment
3.14
treatment
medical or surgical management of a patient
4 Use cases of health-related data
4.1 General
[20]
Health is more than healthcare. The County Health Rankings are based on a model of community
health that emphasizes the many factors that influence how long and how well we live. According to
the County Health Rankings Model, health factors help communities understand what will impact their
health in the future. Health factors are composed of Physical Environment (10 %), Social and Economic
Factors (40 %), Health Behaviours (30 %), and Clinical care (20 %). The following are health-related
data use cases that patients / customers write or report in a non-hospital setting.
4.2 Patient Reported Outcomes (PRO)
4.2.1 General
A PRO is a health outcome directly reported from patient who experienced it. It is different from an
outcome reported by someone else, like physician-reported outcome, a nurse-reported outcome, and
so on. PRO methods, such as questionnaires, are used in clinical trials or other clinical setting, to help
better understand a treatment’s efficacy or effectiveness.
Incorporating the patient perspective through patient reported outcome measures is a crucial element
for clinical care, quality performance management and clinical research. PROs are any report coming
directly from patients regarding their health condition and treatment, including symptoms, functional
status and health-related quality of life. Some PRO measures are generic and appropriate for use in
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

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ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

a wide range of conditions, while others focus on the specific symptoms and side effects of a given
disease, condition or treatment.
A PRO is a measurement based on a report that comes from the patient (i.e., study subject) about the
status of a patient’s health condition without amendment or interpretation of the patient’s report by a
clinician or anyone else. Symptoms or other unobservable concepts known only to the patient (e.g., pain
severity or nausea) can only be measured by PRO measures.
EXAMPLE Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS).
4.2.2 Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) — Questionnaires, Ratings,
Scale (QRS)
Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium is an open, non-profit organization that develops
and supports global data standards to improve the quality and interoperability of medical research
and healthcare. CDISC standards are widely used for study planning and data collection, tabulation,
analysis, and submissions to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory agencies
internationally.
Questionnaires, Ratings, Scale instrument is a series of questions, tasks or assessments used in
clinical research to provide a qualitative or quantitative assessment of a clinical concept or task-based
[1]
observation .
Questionnaire instruments are stored in the Questionnaires domain and are named, standalone
instruments designed to provide an assessment of a concept. Questionnaires often have a defined
standard structure, format, and content; consist of conceptually related items that are typically scored;
and usually document methods for administration and analysis. Questionnaires consist of defined
questions with a defined set of potential answers. Most often, the primary purpose of questionnaires is
to generate quantitative statistic to assess a qualitative concept. If the instrument is a Rating or Grading
Scale in which the intent of the instrument is to evaluate a single body system, it would be stored in the
morphology/physiology domain, which represents that body system. Other Rating or Grading Scales
related to multiple body systems and all Composite Score type instruments would be represented as a
Clinical Classification in the RS domain.
Examples of QRS:
— 6 Minute Walk Test.
— Airway Questionnaire.
— Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Self-Report Version.
— Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog).
In the above example, how to provide QRS to the user conveniently is a matter to be solved by Advanced
UI/UX and natural language processing technologies. FHIR questionnaire adoption is also expected to
ensure interoperability of this kind of QRS data collected from cohort studies.
4.2.3 Patient Report Outcome Measures (PROMs)
In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) collects survey data from patients who received specific
[2]
surgical treatment .
a) Knee replacement.
b) Hip replacement.
c) Groin hernia.
d) Varicose veins.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 3

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ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

These PROMs data measure
— patient’s health status, and
— health-related quality of life at the single point.
This health status information is collected before and after a procedure and provides an indication of
[3]
the outcomes or quality of care delivered to NHS patients .
To facilitate the inclusion of PROs in the EHR, and address the barriers to doing so, a multidisciplinary
team was formed to develop this “Users’ Guide for Integrating Patient Reported Outcomes in Electronic
Health Records”. It addresses 11 key questions for integrating PROs in the EHR:
1. What strategy will be used for integrating PROs in EHRs?
2. How will the PRO-EHR system be governed?
3. How can users be trained and engaged?
4. Which populations and patients are most suitable for collection and use of PRO data, and how can
EHRs support identification of suitable patients?
5. Which outcomes are important to measure for a given population?
6. How should candidate PRO measures be evaluated?
7. How, where, and with what frequency will PROs be administered?
8. How will PRO data be displayed in the EHR?
9. How will PRO data be acted upon?
10. How can PRO data from multiple EHRs be pooled?
11. What are the ethical and legal issues?
4.3 Social Determinants of Health (SDH)
4.3.1 Social Determinants of Health — In general
The social determinants of health are linked to the economic and social conditions and their distribution
among the population that influence individual and group differences in health status. They are health
promoting factors found in one's living and working conditions (such as the distribution of income,
wealth, influence, and power), rather than individual risk factors (such as behavioural risk factors or
[19]
genetics) that influence the risk for a disease, or vulnerability to disease or injury .
The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.
These social determinants of health include
a) social gradients (life expectancy is shorter and disease is more common further down the social
ladder),
b) stress (including stress in the workplace),
c) early childhood development,
d) social exclusion,
e) unemployment,
f) social support networks,
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

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ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

g) addiction,
h) availability of healthy food,
i) availability of healthy transportation / active travel, and
j) religion, caste, all the social diversities.
4.3.2 Social Determinants of Health — At the local level
There is widespread interest in the role of local social determinants of health at the local level. Federal,
state, and local government agencies, academic institutions, and community organizations are
increasingly recognizing the need to understand and address the socioeconomic contexts within which
people work and play in order to improve their health and welfare.
12 dimensions of the social environment:
a) Economy
b) Employment
c) Education
d) Political
e) Environmental
f) Housing
g) Medical
h) Governmental
i) Public Health
j) Psychosocial
k) Behavioural
l) Transport
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the social determinants of health are the conditions
in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, and these are influenced by the way of wealth and
[19]
resources are distributed . It affects a wide range of health, functioning and quality of life outcomes,
and risks.
20 SDH domains covered in six of the most widely used SDH screening tools in the US (see Table 1) have
been identified, including the following:
a) the NAM’s 2014 Recommended Social and Behavioral Domains and Measures report, which is the
basis for the ONC Social, Psychological, and Behavioral data certification criterion for EHRs17;
b) the National Association of Community Health Center’s PRAPARE survey;
c) the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation’s Accountable Health Communities (AHC) survey;
d) the Health Leads questionnaire36;
e) the University of Maryland’s SEEK tool37;
f) the WE CARE survey.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 5
...

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 21835
First edition
Health informatics — Personal health
data generated on a daily basis
Informatique de santé — Données personnelles de santé générées sur
une base journalière
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Use cases of health-related data . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Patient Reported Outcomes (PRO) . 2
4.2.1 General. 2
4.2.2 Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) —
Questionnaires, Ratings, Scale (QRS) . 3
4.2.3 Patient Report Outcome Measures (PROMs) . 3
4.3 Social Determinants of Health (SDH) . 4
4.3.1 Social Determinants of Health — In general . 4
4.3.2 Social Determinants of Health — At the local level . 5
4.4 Observations of Daily Living (ODLs) . 6
4.5 Patient-generated Health Data . 8
4.5.1 General. 8
4.5.2 Meaningful Use Stage 3 Objective 6 — Coordination of Care through
Patient Engagement . 8
4.5.3 Life Record . 9
4.5.4 Pain Assessment Notifier . 9
4.5.5 Score Card Tool for Health Metrics Transparency .11
5 Categorization of health-related data.12
5.1 Patient-generated indirect data .12
5.1.1 Questionnaire report .12
5.1.2 Sociality . .12
5.2 Patient-generated direct data .13
5.2.1 Breath capacity .13
5.2.2 Calories . . .13
5.2.3 Blood pressure .13
5.2.4 Blood sugar .13
5.2.5 Cholesterol .14
5.2.6 Step count .14
5.2.7 Sleep data .15
5.2.8 Stress .16
5.3 Patient and provider generated combination data .16
5.3.1 Allergy .16
5.3.2 Medication .17
5.3.3 Disease .17
5.3.4 Vaccination .17
5.3.5 Medical image report .17
5.4 Coded data elements .17
5.4.1 Questionnaire report .17
5.4.2 Allergy .17
5.4.3 Medication .17
5.4.4 Disease .17
5.4.5 Vaccination .18
5.4.6 Medical image report .18
5.4.7 Breath capacity .18
5.4.8 Calories . . .18
5.4.9 Blood pressure .18
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii

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ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

5.4.10 Blood sugar .18
5.4.11 Cholesterol .18
5.5 Un-coded data elements .18
5.5.1 Step count .18
5.5.2 Sleep data .18
5.5.3 Stress .19
5.5.4 Sociality . .19
Bibliography .20
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 215, Health informatics.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)

Introduction
The increasing number of smart phones, mobile applications and remote monitoring devices combined
with EHRs, patient portals and PHR systems enhance the patient’s engagement in healthcare services.
However, patient health data, which are constantly created, recorded, gathered or inferred have not yet
been actively utilized at the point of care.
Specifically, un-coded data are too subjective and informal. In order to be applicable to clinical
environment, ambiguity should be minimized or eliminated, and more precise. The health-related data
should accurately convey the concept they are intended to deliver. The ISO/IEEE 11073 series and IHE-
PCD Rosetta work are one of candidates to accomplish this goal. For health-related data to be reliably
integrated into the process of diagnostic and therapeutic decision making, they should be quality-
assured, trusted in accordance to accuracy of measurements.
In terms of safety and interoperability, AAMI/UL 2800 defined safety and related specifications of
Medical Device (MD) interface to be labelled or declared as Interoperable Medical Device. The standard
specifies MD interface characteristics to operate in safety conditions and focus on the mitigation of risk
associated with interoperability within the Integrated Clinical Environment (ICE) and Interoperable
Scenario (IS). It might be complementary to ISO/IEEE 11073-20601, particularly in mobile environments
for improving care delivery, optimizing workflow and reducing ambiguity.
The Personal Connected Health Alliance (PCHAlliance) released the Continual Design Guidelines
(CDGs) to enable the secure, private, reliable and accurate sharing of patient generated health data
1)
with healthcare providers, built-on HL7 FHIR® (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources)
specifications. The Continua Design Guidelines define an open, flexible framework for end-to-end
interoperability and the convenient collection and exchange of clinical grade health data for improved
health, wellness and disease management. They are built on existing open, international standards and
specifications including ISO/IEEE deliverables, IEC deliverables, HL7 deliverables, USB and Bluetooth.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recognizes the Continua Design Guidelines as an
international standard for personal health systems and makes them available for global adoption in
the several languages. Valuable tools and resources support product certification via the Continua
Design Guidelines, including: the Continua Enabling Software Library (CESL), CODE for Healthcare
and test tool development, representing millions of dollars worth of software development created by
Continua to enable complete end-to-end functionality. PCHAlliance members have access to Continua
Certified Experts (CCE), pre-market interoperability testing, Technical Operations Leads and brand
support for Continua Certified products. PCHAlliance also participates in a series of events around the
world to connect members with buyers, as well as Plugfests, Summits and an online Product Showcase
[18]
highlighting Continua Certified products and services .
Furthermore, Health-related data have in-depth relevance with IoT and related technologies because
health-related data are usually created by IoT devices. In order to ensure quality and safety of Health-
related data along with IoT, the Standard Development Organizations (SDOs) should collaborate with
each other more effectively.
1) FHIR® is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the convenience
of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
vi PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 21835:2020(E)
Health informatics — Personal health data generated on a
daily basis
1 Scope
This document provides an environmental scan of common data elements that are captured through
various modalities such as cell phones, smart phones, mobile applications and remote monitoring
devices that are combined with EHRs, patient portals and PHR systems which can ultimately be
applicable to a variety of healthcare service environments.
The Health-related data can be used to supplement existing clinical data, filling in gaps in information
and providing a more comprehensive picture of ongoing patient healthcare.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
assessment
measurement, evaluation or judgment for a study variable pertaining to the status of a subject
3.2
biometric
use of specific attributes that reflect unique personal characteristics, such as a fingerprint, an eye
blood-vessel print, or a voice print, to validate the identity of entities
3.3
clinician
health professional who delivers health services directly to a patient/client
3.4
disorder
alterations or attributes of the health status of an individual which might lead to distress, interference
with daily activities, or contact with health
3.5
experience
facts, information and skills acquired through experience, reasoning or education
3.6
personal health data
personal data relevant to the health of an identified or identifiable natural person
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3.7
individual
single discrete entity
3.8
measure
collect quantifiable data about a function or process
3.9
monitor
medical device designed to acquire, display, record, and/or analyse patient data and to alert caregivers
of events needing their attention
3.10
observation
measurement of a single variable or single value derived logically and/or algebraically from other
measured or derived values
3.11
pain
health condition that results in some disability, pain and/or activity limitation
3.12
patient
synonym for a subject of care
3.13
symptom
untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject administered a
pharmaceutical product that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment
3.14
treatment
medical or surgical management of a patient
4 Use cases of health-related data
4.1 General
[20]
Health is more than healthcare. The County Health Rankings are based on a model of community
health that emphasizes the many factors that influence how long and how well we live. According to
the County Health Rankings Model, health factors help communities understand what will impact their
health in the future. Health factors are composed of Physical Environment (10 %), Social and Economic
Factors (40 %), Health Behaviours (30 %), and Clinical care (20 %). The following are health-related
data use cases that patients / customers write or report in a non-hospital setting.
4.2 Patient Reported Outcomes (PRO)
4.2.1 General
A PRO is a health outcome directly reported from patient who experienced it. It is different from an
outcome reported by someone else, like physician-reported outcome, a nurse-reported outcome, and
so on. PRO methods, such as questionnaires, are used in clinical trials or other clinical setting, to help
better understand a treatment’s efficacy or effectiveness.
Incorporating the patient perspective through patient reported outcome measures is a crucial element
for clinical care, quality performance management and clinical research. PROs are any report coming
directly from patients regarding their health condition and treatment, including symptoms, functional
status and health-related quality of life. Some PRO measures are generic and appropriate for use in
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a wide range of conditions, while others focus on the specific symptoms and side effects of a given
disease, condition or treatment.
A PRO is a measurement based on a report that comes from the patient (i.e., study subject) about the
status of a patient’s health condition without amendment or interpretation of the patient’s report by a
clinician or anyone else. Symptoms or other unobservable concepts known only to the patient (e.g., pain
severity or nausea) can only be measured by PRO measures.
EXAMPLE Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS).
4.2.2 Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) — Questionnaires, Ratings,
Scale (QRS)
Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium is an open, non-profit organization that develops
and supports global data standards to improve the quality and interoperability of medical research
and healthcare. CDISC standards are widely used for study planning and data collection, tabulation,
analysis, and submissions to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory agencies
internationally.
Questionnaires, Ratings, Scale instrument is a series of questions, tasks or assessments used in
clinical research to provide a qualitative or quantitative assessment of a clinical concept or task-based
[1]
observation .
Questionnaire instruments are stored in the Questionnaires domain and are named, standalone
instruments designed to provide an assessment of a concept. Questionnaires often have a defined
standard structure, format, and content; consist of conceptually related items that are typically scored;
and usually document methods for administration and analysis. Questionnaires consist of defined
questions with a defined set of potential answers. Most often, the primary purpose of questionnaires is
to generate quantitative statistic to assess a qualitative concept. If the instrument is a Rating or Grading
Scale in which the intent of the instrument is to evaluate a single body system, it would be stored in the
morphology/physiology domain, which represents that body system. Other Rating or Grading Scales
related to multiple body systems and all Composite Score type instruments would be represented as a
Clinical Classification in the RS domain.
Examples of QRS:
— 6 Minute Walk Test.
— Airway Questionnaire.
— Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Self-Report Version.
— Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog).
In the above example, how to provide QRS to the user conveniently is a matter to be solved by Advanced
UI/UX and natural language processing technologies. FHIR questionnaire adoption is also expected to
ensure interoperability of this kind of QRS data collected from cohort studies.
4.2.3 Patient Report Outcome Measures (PROMs)
In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) collects survey data from patients who received specific
[2]
surgical treatment .
a) Knee replacement.
b) Hip replacement.
c) Groin hernia.
d) Varicose veins.
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These PROMs data measure
— patient’s health status, and
— health-related quality of life at the single point.
This health status information is collected before and after a procedure and provides an indication of
[3]
the outcomes or quality of care delivered to NHS patients .
To facilitate the inclusion of PROs in the EHR, and address the barriers to doing so, a multidisciplinary
team was formed to develop this “Users’ Guide for Integrating Patient Reported Outcomes in Electronic
Health Records”. It addresses 11 key questions for integrating PROs in the EHR:
1. What strategy will be used for integrating PROs in EHRs?
2. How will the PRO-EHR system be governed?
3. How can users be trained and engaged?
4. Which populations and patients are most suitable for collection and use of PRO data, and how can
EHRs support identification of suitable patients?
5. Which outcomes are important to measure for a given population?
6. How should candidate PRO measures be evaluated?
7. How, where, and with what frequency will PROs be administered?
8. How will PRO data be displayed in the EHR?
9. How will PRO data be acted upon?
10. How can PRO data from multiple EHRs be pooled?
11. What are the ethical and legal issues?
4.3 Social Determinants of Health (SDH)
4.3.1 Social Determinants of Health — In general
The social determinants of health are linked to the economic and social conditions and their distribution
among the population that influence individual and group differences in health status. They are health
promoting factors found in one's living and working conditions (such as the distribution of income,
wealth, influence, and power), rather than individual risk factors (such as behavioural risk factors or
[19]
genetics) that influence the risk for a disease, or vulnerability to disease or injury .
The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.
These social determinants of health include
a) social gradients (life expectancy is shorter and disease is more common further down the social
ladder),
b) stress (including stress in the workplace),
c) early childhood development,
d) social exclusion,
e) unemployment,
f) social support networks,
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g) addiction,
h) availability of healthy food,
i) availability of healthy transportation / active travel, and
j) religion, caste, all the social diversities.
4.3.2 Social Determinants of Health — At the local level
There is widespread interest in the role of local social determinants of health at the local level. Federal,
state, and local government agencies, academic institutions, and community organizations are
increasingly recognizing the need to understand and address the socioeconomic contexts within which
people work and play in order to improve their health and welfare.
12 dimensions of the social environment:
a) Economy
b) Employment
c) Education
d) Political
e) Environmental
f) Housing
g) Medical
h) Governmental
i) Public Health
j) Psychosocial
k) Behavioural
l) Transport
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the social determinants of health are the conditions
in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, and these are influenced by the way of wealth and
[19]
resources are distributed . It affects a wide range of health, functioning and quality of life outcomes,
and risks.
20 SDH domains covered in six of the most widely used SDH screening tools in the US (see Table 1) have
been identified, including the following:
a) the NAM’s 2014 Recommended Social and Behavioral Domains and Measures report, which is the
basis for the ONC Social, Psychological, and Behavioral data certification criterion for EHRs17;
b) the National Association of Community Health Center’s PRAPARE survey;
c) the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation’s Accountable Health Communities (AHC) survey;
...

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