ISO 11593:2022
(Main)Robots for industrial environments — Automatic end effector exchange systems — Vocabulary
Robots for industrial environments — Automatic end effector exchange systems — Vocabulary
This document defines terms relevant to automatic end-effector exchange systems used as a part of robot systems in accordance with ISO 10218‑2.
Robots manipulateurs industriels — Systèmes de changement automatique de terminal — Vocabulaire
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11593
Second edition
2022-02
Robots for industrial environments —
Automatic end effector exchange
systems — Vocabulary
Robots manipulateurs industriels — Systèmes de changement
automatique de terminal — Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 11593:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 11593:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 11593:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Terms related to the external shape and main dimensions of the exchange system . 2
3.3 Terms related to positioning and orientation in coupling . 3
3.4 Terms related to coupling and releasing forces . 5
3.5 Terms related to mass and inertia of the coupled system . 6
3.6 Terms related to tolerances and uncertainty . 7
3.7 Terms related to magazine interfaces of the tool-mounted part .12
3.8 Terms related to tool exchange timing . 14
4 Symbols .17
4.1 Coupling parameters . 17
4.2 Forces . 17
4.3 Mass . 18
4.4 Mechanical interface frame . 18
4.5 Tool frame . 18
4.6 Motion start. 18
4.7 Motion timing . 18
Bibliography .19
iii
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---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 11593:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 299, Robotics.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11593:1996), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— references, terminology and drawings have been updated;
— the Scope and the Introduction have been updated;
— reference documents have been moved from the Normative references clause to the Bibliography;
— the document has been restructured and Annex A has been removed.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 11593:2022(E)
Introduction
This document is one of a family of standards dealing with the requirements of components of robot
systems for industrial environments.
This document contains the vocabulary for end-effector exchange systems. This document does not
contain any details for the development and design of these systems.
For the terms related to coupling and releasing forces (see 3.4), all permissible maximum values for the
load characteristics are valid for the sum of both static and dynamic loads and all load characteristics
are stated for the reference plane.
For the terms related to magazine interfaces of the tool-mounted part (see 3.7), the performance criteria
should be used in the same sense as those used in the terms related to the external shape and main
dimensions of the exchange system (see 3.2). The defined coordinate system is still valid even if the
direction of insert movement into the magazine is different from the coupling direction at the exchange
of the tool. They differ in their value and their direction as well as in the force of coupling work which is
required to assemble or release the tool part from the robot part of the interface.
v
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11593:2022(E)
Robots for industrial environments — Automatic end
effector exchange systems — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document defines terms relevant to automatic end-effector exchange systems used as a part of
robot systems in accordance with ISO 10218-2.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General terms and definitions
3.1.1
automatic end-effector exchange system
coupling device between the mechanical interface and the end-effector enabling automatic exchange of
end-effectors, made up of a robot-mounted part (3.1.2) and one or more tool-mounted parts (3.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as tool changer, quick-change device, automatic tool changer, robotic tool
changer or robot coupler.
3.1.2
robot-mounted part
part of an automatic end-effector exchange system (3.1.1) that is attached to the mechanical interface of
a manipulator
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as master or robot side.
3.1.3
tool-mounted part
part of an automatic end-effector exchange system (3.1.1) that is attached to the end-effector
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as slave or tool side.
3.1.4
couple, verb
join the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) to the tool-mounted part (3.1.3)
3.1.5
uncouple, verb
release the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) from the robot-mounted part (3.1.2)
3.1.6
lock, verb
actuate the locking elements to secure the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) to the robot-mounted part (3.1.2)
1
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ISO 11593:2022(E)
3.1.7
unlock, verb
actuate the locking elements to allow the uncoupling of the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) from the tool-
mounted part (3.1.3)
3.1.8
dock, verb
couple (3.1.4) and lock (3.1.6) the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) to the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) when the
tool-mounted part is held in the magazine (3.1.10)
3.1.9
undock, verb
unlock (3.1.7) and uncouple (3.1.5) the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) from the robot-mounted part (3.1.2)
when the tool-mounted part is held in the magazine (3.1.10)
3.1.10
magazine
storage means of end-effectors that are docked (3.1.8) and undocked (3.1.9) from the associated robot-
mounted parts (3.1.2)
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as tool stand, tool storage rack or nest.
3.1.11
interface for robot side and tool side
description and marking for robot part and tool part in accordance with ISO 9409-1:2004, Clause 6, and
ISO 9409-2:2002, Clause 8
3.1.12
cable routing
position and dimension of routing and tracking of cable for robot part and tool part in one drawing
3.2 Terms related to the external shape and main dimensions of the exchange system
3.2.1
structural shape
overall dimensions of device comprising external diameter (or width), depth, length of the individual
robot-mounted part (3.1.2), and length of the individual tool-mounted part (3.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
a) exchange systems coupled b) exchange systems uncoupled
2
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ISO 11593:2022(E)
Key
1 tool-mounted part D external diameter (circular shape) (mm)
2 robot-mounted part A width (for other) (mm)
3 surface B depth (for other) (mm)
4 total length of the coupling (when coupled) L length from the robot mounting flange to the coupling
flange (mm)
L length of the robot-mounted part (mm)
r
L length of the tool-mounted part (mm)
t
Figure 1 — External shape and main dimensions of the exchange system when coupled and
uncoupled
3.2.2
face-to-face dimension
distance measured from the robot interface to the tool interface
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1 a), item 4.
Note 2 to entry: The tolerance of the coupling length of the robot part (L ) and the coupling length of the tool
cr
part (L ) has a significant effect on the pose accuracy of the complete system when using different tools. The
ct
length of the coupled system is calculated as L ± Δ.
total
3.3 Terms related to positioning and orientation in coupling
3.3.1
coupling direction
direction in which the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) and/or the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) are moved to
each other
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Note 2 to entry: Couplings may be either lateral or axial:
— lateral coupling direction [see Figure 2 a)]: the motion of coupling runs parallel to the level of separation of
the interface;
— axial coupling direction [see Figure 2 b)]: the motion of coupling runs vertical to the level of separation of the
interface.
a) Lateral positioning and orientation in cou- b) Axial positioning and orientation in coupling
pling
3
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---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 11593:2022(E)
Key
1 coupling direction 3 level of separation
2 tool-mounted part 4 robot-mounted part
Figure 2 — Positioning and orientation in coupling
3.3.2
length of the approach distance
L
a
total distance of operation of the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) and/or the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) in the
coupling direction (3.3.1) until the complete coupling of both parts
Note 1 to entry: L is expressed in millimetres.
a
Note 2 to entry: L = L + L + L
a a1 a2 a3
Note 3 to entry: For axial coupling direction, the approach distance runs vertical to the reference plane (3.6.7). On
lateral coupling direction, it runs parallel to the reference plane.
Note 4 to entry: See Figure 3.
Key
1 coupling direction L length of the approach distance (mm)
a
2 tool-mounted part L distance of operation for precentring (mm)
a1
3 robot-mounted part L distance of operation for centring (mm)
a2
L distance of operation thereafter until the complete
a3
coupling (mm)
Figure 3 — Axial coupling direction
3.3.3
start position
location of the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) of the exchange device in relation to the tool-mounted part
(3.1.3) shortly before the coupling process begins
Note 1 to entry: The start position can be defined in the Cartesian coordinate system as (X , Y , Z ).
s s s
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 4.
4
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ISO 11593:2022(E)
Key
1 start position (X , Y , Z ) X Cartesian coordinate X axis
s s s 1
X start X axis coordinate Y Cartesian coordinate X axis
s 1
Y start Y axis coordinate Z Cartesian coordinate X axis
s 1
Z start Z axis coordinate
s
Figure 4 — Demonstration of axial coupling direction
3.4 Terms related to coupling and releasing forces
3.4.1
coupling force
F
c
force to be applied by the robot in order to couple (3.1.4) the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) of the exchange
system with the tool-mounted part (3.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: F is expressed in Newtons.
c
Note 2 to entry: During this process, the tool-mounted part is considered to be held in the tool magazine
(3.1.10). The coupling force includes all external forces required to couple all mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or
pneumatic connectors.
3.4.2
releasing force
F
e
force to be applied by the robot in order to release the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) of the exchange system
from the tool-mounted part (3.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: F is expre
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 11593
ISO/TC 299
Robots for industrial environments —
Secretariat: SIS
Automatic end effector exchange
Voting begins on:
2021-11-19 systems — Vocabulary
Voting terminates on:
Robots manipulateurs industriels — Systèmes de changement
2022-01-14
automatique de terminal — Vocabulaire
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 11593:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11593:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11593:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Terms related to the external shape and main dimensions of the exchange system . 2
3.3 Terms related to positioning and orientation in coupling . 3
3.4 Terms related to coupling and releasing forces . 5
3.5 Terms related to mass and inertia of the coupled system . 6
3.6 Terms related to tolerances and uncertainty . 7
3.7 Terms related to magazine interfaces of the tool-mounted part .12
3.8 Terms related to tool exchange timing . 14
4 Symbols .17
4.1 Coupling parameters . 17
4.2 Forces . 17
4.3 Mass . 18
4.4 Mechanical interface frame . 18
4.5 Tool frame . 18
4.6 Motion start. 18
4.7 Motion timing . 18
Bibliography .19
iii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11593:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 299, Robotics.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11593:1996), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— references, terminology and drawings have been updated;
— the Scope and the Introduction have been updated;
— reference documents have been moved from the Normative references clause to the Bibliography;
— the document has been restructured and Annex A has been removed.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11593:2021(E)
Introduction
This document is one of a family of standards dealing with the requirements of components of robot
systems for industrial environments.
This document contains the vocabulary for end-effector exchange systems. This document does not
contain any details for the development and design of these systems.
For the terms related to coupling and releasing forces (see 3.4), all permissible maximum values for the
load characteristics are valid for the sum of both static and dynamic loads and all load characteristics
are stated for the reference plane.
For the terms related to magazine interfaces of the tool-mounted part (see 3.7), the performance criteria
should be used in the same sense as those used in the terms related to the external shape and main
dimensions of the exchange system (see 3.2). The defined coordinate system is still valid even if the
direction of insert movement into the magazine is different from the coupling direction at the exchange
of the tool. They differ in their value and their direction as well as in the force of coupling work which is
required to assemble or release the tool part from the robot part of the interface.
v
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 11593:2021(E)
Robots for industrial environments — Automatic end
effector exchange systems — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document defines terms relevant to automatic end-effector exchange systems used as a part of
robot systems in accordance with ISO 10218-2.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General terms and definitions
3.1.1
automatic end-effector exchange system
coupling device between the mechanical interface and the end-effector enabling automatic exchange of
end-effectors, made up of a robot-mounted part (3.1.2) and one or more tool-mounted parts (3.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as tool changer, quick-change device, automatic tool changer, robotic tool
changer or robot coupler.
3.1.2
robot-mounted part
part of an automatic end-effector exchange system (3.1.1) that is attached to the mechanical interface of
a manipulator
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as master or robot side.
3.1.3
tool-mounted part
part of an automatic end-effector exchange system (3.1.1) that is attached to the end-effector
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as slave or tool side.
3.1.4
couple, verb
join the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) to the tool-mounted part (3.1.3)
3.1.5
uncouple, verb
release the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) from the robot-mounted part (3.1.2)
3.1.6
lock, verb
actuate the locking elements to secure the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) to the robot-mounted part (3.1.2)
1
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11593:2021(E)
3.1.7
unlock, verb
actuate the locking elements to allow the uncoupling of the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) from the tool-
mounted part (3.1.3)
3.1.8
dock, verb
couple (3.1.4) and lock (3.1.6) the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) to the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) when the
tool-mounted part is held in the magazine (3.1.10)
3.1.9
undock, verb
unlock (3.1.7) and uncouple (3.1.5) the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) from the robot-mounted part (3.1.2)
when the tool-mounted part is held in the magazine (3.1.10)
3.1.10
magazine
storage means of end-effectors that are docked (3.1.8) and undocked (3.1.9) from the associated robot-
mounted parts (3.1.2)
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as tool stand, tool storage rack or nest.
3.1.11
interface for robot side and tool side
description and marking for robot part and tool part in accordance with ISO 9409-1:2004, Clause 6, and
ISO 9409-2:2002, Clause 8
3.1.12
cable routing
position and dimension of routing and tracking of cable for robot part and tool part in one drawing
3.2 Terms related to the external shape and main dimensions of the exchange system
3.2.1
structural shape
overall dimensions of device comprising external diameter (or width), depth, length of the individual
robot-mounted part (3.1.2), and length of the individual tool-mounted part (3.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
a) exchange systems coupled b) exchange systems uncoupled
2
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11593:2021(E)
Key
1 tool-mounted part D external diameter (circular shape) (mm)
2 robot-mounted part A width (for other) (mm)
3 surface B depth (for other) (mm)
4 total length of the coupling (when coupled) L length from the robot mounting flange to the coupling
flange (mm)
L length of the robot-mounted part (mm)
r
L length of the tool-mounted part (mm)
t
Figure 1 — External shape and main dimensions of the exchange system when coupled and
uncoupled
3.2.2
face-to-face dimension
distance measured from the robot interface to the tool interface
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1 a), item 4.
Note 2 to entry: The tolerance of the coupling length of the robot part (L ) and the coupling length of the tool
cr
part (L ) has a significant effect on the pose accuracy of the complete system when using different tools. The
ct
length of the coupled system is calculated as L ± Δ.
total
3.3 Terms related to positioning and orientation in coupling
3.3.1
coupling direction
direction in which the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) and/or the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) are moved to
each other
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Note 2 to entry: Couplings may be either lateral or axial:
— lateral coupling direction [see Figure 2 a)]: the motion of coupling runs parallel to the level of separation of
the interface;
— axial coupling direction [see Figure 2 b)]: the motion of coupling runs vertical to the level of separation of the
interface.
a) Lateral positioning and orientation in cou- b) Axial positioning and orientation in coupling
pling
3
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11593:2021(E)
Key
1 coupling direction 3 level of separation
2 tool-mounted part 4 robot-mounted part
Figure 2 — Positioning and orientation in coupling
3.3.2
length of the approach distance
L
a
total distance of operation of the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) and/or the tool-mounted part (3.1.3) in the
coupling direction (3.3.1) until the complete coupling of both parts
Note 1 to entry: L is expressed in millimetres.
a
Note 2 to entry: L = L + L + L
a a1 a2 a3
Note 3 to entry: For axial coupling direction, the approach distance runs vertical to the reference plane (3.6.7). On
lateral coupling direction, it runs parallel to the reference plane.
Note 4 to entry: See Figure 3.
Key
1 coupling direction L length of the approach distance (mm)
a
2 tool-mounted part L distance of operation for precentring (mm)
a1
3 robot-mounted part L distance of operation for centring (mm)
a2
L distance of operation thereafter until the complete
a3
coupling (mm)
Figure 3 — Axial coupling direction
3.3.3
start position
location of the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) of the exchange device in relation to the tool-mounted part
(3.1.3) shortly before the coupling process begins
Note 1 to entry: The start position can be defined in the Cartesian coordinate system as (X , Y , Z ).
s s s
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 4.
4
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11593:2021(E)
Key
1 start position (X , Y , Z ) X cartesian coordinate X axis
s s s 1
X start X axis coordinate Y cartesian coordinate X axis
s 1
Y start Y axis coordinate Z cartesian coordinate X axis
s 1
Z start Z axis coordinate
s
Figure 4 — Demonstration of axial coupling direction
3.4 Terms related to coupling and releasing forces
3.4.1
coupling force
F
c
force to be applied by the robot in order to couple (3.1.4) the robot-mounted part (3.1.2) of the exchange
system with the tool-mounted part (3.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: F is expressed in Newtons.
c
Note 2 to entry: During this process, the tool-mounted part is considered to be held in the tool magazine
(3.1.10). The coupling force includes all external forces r
...
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