Glass in building - Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass - Part 1: Definition and description

This European Standard specifies tolerances, flatness, edgework, fragmentation and physical and mechanical characteristics of monolithic flat thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass for use in buildings.
Information on curved thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass is given in Annex A, but this product does not form part of this European Standard.
Other requirements, not specified in this European Standard, can apply to thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass which is incorporated into assemblies, e.g. laminated glass or insulating glass units, or undergo an additional treatment, e.g. coating. The additional requirements are specified in the appropriate glass product standard. Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass, in this case, does not lose its bending strength characteristics and its resistance to temperature differentials.
Surface finished glasses (e.g. sandblasted, acid etched) after toughening are not covered by this European Standard.

Glas im Bauwesen - Thermisch vorgespanntes Kalknatron-Einscheiben-Sicherheitsglas - Teil 1: Definition und Beschreibung

Diese Europäische Norm legt Grenzabmaße, Ebenheit, Kantenbearbeitung, Bruchverhalten und physikalische und mechanische Eigenschaften von einscheibigem, flachem, thermisch vorgespanntem Kalknatron-Einscheiben-Sicherheitsglas für die Verwendung im Bauwesen fest.
Anhang A enthält Angaben zu gebogenem, thermisch vorgespanntem Kalknatron-Einscheiben-Sicherheits¬glas, dieses Produkt ist jedoch kein Bestandteil dieser Europäischen Norm.
An thermisch vorgespanntes Kalknatron-Einscheiben-Sicherheitsglas können andere Anforderungen, die in dieser Europäischen Norm nicht festgelegt sind, gestellt werden, wenn es Bestandteil von Baugruppen ist, wie z. B. Verbundglas oder Mehrscheiben-Isolierglas oder wenn es weiterverarbeitet wird, z. B. beschichtet. Die zusätzlichen Anforderungen sind in der entsprechenden Produktnorm für Glas festgelegt. In diesem Fall wird thermisch vorgespanntes Kalknatron-Einscheiben-Sicherheitsglas seine Eigenschaften hinsichtlich der Biege-festigkeit und seine Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber Temperaturdifferenzen nicht verlieren.
Diese Europäische Norm behandelt keine im Anschluss an das Vorspannen oberflächenbearbeitete (z. B. durch Sandstrahlen, Säureätzung) Gläser.

Verre dans la construction - Verre de silicate sodo-calcique de sécurité trempé thermiquement - Partie 1: Définition et description

La présente Norme européenne couvre les tolérances, la planéité, la finition des bords, la fragmentation et les caractéristiques physiques et mécaniques du verre de silicate sodo-calcique plat monolithique de sécurité trempé thermiquement destiné à être utilisé dans la construction.
Des renseignements sont donnés dans l'Annexe A sur le verre de silicate sodo-calcique de sécurité bombé trempé thermiquement, mais ce produit ne fait pas partie de la présente norme.
D'autres exigences, non spécifiées dans la présente norme, peuvent s'appliquer au verre de silicate sodo-calcique de sécurité trempé thermiquement intégré dans des ensembles, par exemple des ensembles en vitrages isolants ou en verres feuilletés, ou subissant un traitement supplémentaire, par exemple un revêtement. Les exigences supplémentaires sont spécifiées dans la norme de produit correspondante. Dans ce cas, le verre de silicate sodo-calcique de sécurité trempé thermiquement ne perd pas ses caractéristiques mécaniques ou thermiques.
Les verres avec traitement de surface (par exemple sablage ou dépolissage acide) après trempe ne relève pas de la présente Norme européenne.

Steklo v gradbeništvu - Toplotno kaljeno natrij-kalcijevo silikatno varnostno steklo - 1. del: Definicija in opis

Ta evropski standard določa toleranco, ploskost, obdelavo robov, drobljenje ter fizične in mehanske lastnosti monolitnega ploskega toplotno kaljenega natrij-kalcijevega silikatnega varnostnega stekla, ki se uporablja v gradbeništvu.
Informacije o ukrivljenem toplotno kaljenem natrij-kalcijevem silikatnem varnostnem steklu so navedene v dodatku A, vendar ta proizvod ni del tega evropskega standarda.
Druge zahteve, ki niso določene v tem evropskem standardu, je mogoče uporabiti za toplotno kaljeno natrij-kalcijevo silikatno varnostno steklo, ki je vgrajeno v sestave, npr. lepljeno steklo ali izolacijsko steklo, ali pa ga je treba dodatno obdelati, npr. z nanosi. Dodatne zahteve so določene v ustreznem standardu za steklene proizvode. Toplotno kaljeno natrij-kalcijevo silikatno varnostno steklo v tem primeru ne izgubi svojih upogibnih lastnosti in svoje odpornosti na temperaturne razlike.
Steklo, ki je po kaljenju površinsko obdelano (npr. peskano, kislinsko jedkano), ne spada na področje uporabe tega evropskega standarda.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
06-Oct-2019
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
17-May-2019
Due Date
22-Jul-2019
Completion Date
07-Oct-2019

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019
01-november-2019
Steklo v gradbeništvu - Toplotno kaljeno natrij-kalcijevo silikatno varnostno steklo
- 1. del: Definicija in opis
Glass in building - Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass - Part 1: Definition
and description
Glas im Bauwesen - Thermisch vorgespanntes Kalknatron-Einscheiben-Sicherheitsglas -
Teil 1: Definition und Beschreibung
Verre dans la construction - Verre de silicate sodo-calcique de sécurité trempé
thermiquement - Partie 1: Définition et description
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019
ICS:
81.040.20 Steklo v gradbeništvu Glass in building
SIST EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019

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SIST EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019


EN 12150-1:2015+A1
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

May 2019
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 81.040.20
English Version

Glass in building - Thermally toughened soda lime silicate
safety glass - Part 1: Definition and description
Verre dans la construction - Verre de silicate sodo- Glas im Bauwesen - Thermisch vorgespanntes
calcique de sécurité trempé thermiquement - Partie 1: Kalknatron-Einscheiben-Sicherheitsglas - Teil 1:
Définition et description Definition und Beschreibung
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 August 2015 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 6 January
2019.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019
EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Glass products . 8
5 Fracture characteristics . 9
6 Dimensions and tolerances . 9
6.1 Nominal thickness and thickness tolerances . 9
6.2 Width and length (sizes) . 10
6.2.1 General . 10
6.2.2 Maximum and minimum sizes . 11
6.2.3 Tolerances and squareness . 11
6.2.4 Edge deformation produced by the vertical process . 12
6.3 Flatness . 12
6.3.1 General . 12
6.3.2 Measurement of overall bow . 14
6.3.3 Measurement of !wave distortion and roller wave distortion" . 15
6.3.4 Measurement of edge lift (for horizontally toughened glass only) . 16
6.3.5 Measurement of perimeter deformation of glass produced by air cushion toughening
process . 17
6.3.6 Measurement of local distortion (for vertically toughened glass only) . 18
6.3.7 Limitation on overall bow, roller waves and edge lift for horizontally toughened
glass . 18
6.3.8 Limitation on overall bow, wave and perimeter deformation for toughened glass
manufactured by air cushion process. 19
6.3.9 Limitation on overall bow and local distortion for vertically toughened glass. 20
6.3.10 Other distortions . 21
7 Edge and/or surface work, holes, notches and cut-outs . 21
7.1 Warning . 21
7.2 Edge working of glass for toughening . 21
7.3 Profiled edges . 22
7.4 Round holes . 22
7.4.1 General . 22
7.4.2 Diameter of holes . 22
7.4.3 Limitations on position of holes . 22
7.4.4 Tolerances on hole diameters . 24
7.4.5 Tolerances on position of holes . 24
7.5 Holes/others . 25
7.6 Notches and cut-outs . 25
7.7 Shaped panes . 26
8 Fragmentation test . 26
2

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8.1 General . 26
8.2 Dimensions and number of test specimens . 26
8.3 Test procedure . 26
8.4 Assessment of fragmentation . 27
8.5 Minimum values from the particle count . 28
8.6 Selection of the longest particle . 28
8.7 Maximum length of longest particle . 28
9 Other physical characteristics . 29
9.1 Optical distortion . 29
9.1.1 Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass produced by vertical toughening . 29
9.1.2 Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass produced by horizontal
toughening . 29
9.2 Anisotropy (iridescence) . 29
9.3 Thermal durability . 29
9.4 Mechanical strength . 29
9.5 Classification of performance under accidental human impact . 30
10 Marking . 30
Annex A (informative) Curved thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass . 31
Annex B (informative) Alternative method for the measurement of roller wave distortion . 32
B.1 Apparatus . 32
B.2 Method . 32
B.3 Limitations . 33
B.4 Alternative use of apparatus . 33
Annex C (informative) Examples of particle count . 34
Annex D (informative) Risk of spontaneous breakage of toughened glass due to nickel
sulfide inclusion . 37
Bibliography . 38


3

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SIST EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019
EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 129
“Glass in building”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2019, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 2019-01-06.
This document supersedes !EN 12150-1:2015"
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !".
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
EN 12150, Glass in building — Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass, consists of the
following parts:
— Part 1: Definitions and description;
— Part 2: Evaluation of conformity/Product standard.
!Deleted text"
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
4

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SIST EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019
EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019 (E)
Introduction
Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass has a safer breakage behaviour when compared
with annealed glass. When it should be used to offer protection under accidental human impact,
thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass also should be classified according to EN 12600.
NOTE CEN/TC 129/WG 8 is producing standards for the determination of the design strength of glass and is
preparing a design method.
5

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EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies tolerances, flatness, edgework, fragmentation and physical and
mechanical characteristics of monolithic flat thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass for use
in buildings.
Information on curved thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass is given in Annex A, but this
product does not form part of this European Standard.
Other requirements, not specified in this European Standard, can apply to thermally toughened soda
lime silicate safety glass which is incorporated into assemblies, e.g. laminated glass or insulating glass
units, or undergo an additional treatment, e.g. coating. The additional requirements are specified in the
appropriate glass product standard. Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass, in this case,
does not lose its bending strength characteristics and its resistance to temperature differentials.
Surface finished glasses (e.g. sandblasted, acid etched) after toughening are not covered by this
European Standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 572-1, Glass in building — Basic soda lime silicate glass products — Part 1: Definitions and general
physical and mechanical properties
EN 572-2, Glass in building — Basic soda lime silicate glass products —Part 2: Float glass
EN 572-4, Glass in building — Basic soda lime silicate glass products — Part 4: Drawn sheet glass
EN 572-5, Glass in building — Basic soda lime silicate glass products — Part 5: Patterned glass
EN 572-8, Glass in building — Basic soda lime silicate glass products — Part 8: Supplied and final cut sizes
EN 1096-1, Glass in building — Coated glass - Part 1: Definitions and classification
EN 1288-3, Glass in building — Determination of the bending strength of glass — Part 3: Test with
specimen supported at two points (four point bending)
EN 14428, Shower enclosures — Functional requirements and test methods
6

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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass
thermally toughened safety glass
glass within which a permanent surface compressive stress, additionally to the basic mechanical
strength, has been induced by a controlled heating and cooling process in order to give it greatly
increased resistance to mechanical and thermal stress and prescribed fragmentation characteristics
Note 1 to entry: The mechanical properties, i.e. thermal durability and mechanical strength, and safety
properties, i.e. fragmentation characteristics, are generated by the level of surface compression. These properties
are not size dependent.
3.2
flat thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass
thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass which has not been deliberately given a specific
profile during manufacture
3.3
curved thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass
thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass which has been deliberately given a specific profile
during manufacture
Note 1 to entry: See Annex A.
3.4
enamelled thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass
thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass which has a ceramic frit fired into the surface during
the toughening process
Note 1 to entry: After toughening the ceramic frit becomes an integral part of the glass.
Note 2 to entry: In the UK, this glass is also known as opaque thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety
glass.
Note 3 to entry: The application of the ceramic frit may be by a continuous process or discontinuous
application, e.g. screen printing. The enamelled surface could be partially or wholly.
3.5
horizontal process
process in which the glass is supported on horizontal rollers
3.6
air cushion process
process in which the glass is supported by an air cushion with or without additional rollers
Note 1 to entry: In this process the glass will be between horizontal and 45° of horizontal.
3.7
vertical process
process in which the glass is suspended by tongs
7

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3.8
edge deformation
deformation of the edge !caused by" the tong marks for vertically toughened glass
3.9
edge lift
distortion produced in horizontal toughened glass, at the leading and trailing edge of the plate
3.10
perimeter deformation
distortion around the edge of toughened glass manufactured by air cushion process
3.11
local distortion
local deformation of vertically toughened glass underneath the tong marks
3.12
overall bow
deformation of the whole pane of toughened glass caused by the heating and cooling process
3.13
roller wave distortion
distortion produced in horizontally toughened glass as a result of the glass during toughening process
being in contact with the rollers
3.14
wave distortion
distortion produced in air cushioned toughened glass as a result of the glass toughening process
4 Glass products
Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass is made from a monolithic glass generally
corresponding to one of the following standards:
— soda lime silicate glass according to EN 572-1;
— float glass according to EN 572-2;
— drawn sheet glass according to EN 572-4;
— patterned glass according to EN 572-5;
— supplied and final cut sizes according to EN 572-8;
— coated glass according to EN 1096-1.
Glass of nominal thicknesses other than those covered in the above standards is possible.
8

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5 Fracture characteristics
The fracture characteristics of thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass are directly related to
the amount of surface compression. These properties are not size dependent.
When the thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass is manufactured with the correct degree of
surface compression then in the event of breakage thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass
fractures into numerous small pieces, the edges of which are generally blunt.
NOTE 1 The degree of surface compression required is dependent upon glass type and thickness.
NOTE 2 The fracture characteristics of glass are unaffected by temperatures between – 50 °C and + 100 °C.
!The fragmentation described in Clause 8 is undertaken on test specimens without any mechanical
constraint."
The fragmentation in service may not always correspond to that determined during the fragmentation
test due to the imposition of other stresses, i.e. from fixing or from reprocessing (e.g. laminating).
6 Dimensions and tolerances
6.1 Nominal thickness and thickness tolerances
The nominal thicknesses and thickness tolerances are those given in the relevant product standard (see
Clause 4), some of which are reproduced in Table 1.
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EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019 (E)
Table 1 — Nominal thicknesses and thickness tolerances
Dimensions in millimetres
Nominal Thickness tolerances for glass type
thickness d
Float Patterned Drawn sheet New antique
drawn sheet
2 ± 0,2 not ± 0,2 not
manufactured manufactured
3 ± 0,2 ± 0,5 ± 0,2 not
manufactured
4 ± 0,2 ± 0,5 ± 0,2 ± 0,3
5 ± 0,2 ± 0,5 ± 0,3 not
manufactured
6 ± 0,2 ± 0,5 ± 0,3 ± 0,3
8 ± 0,3 ± 0,8 ± 0,4 not
manufactured
10 ± 0,3 ± 1,0 ± 0,5 not
manufactured
12 ± 0,3 ± 1,5 ± 0,6 not
manufactured
14 not ± 1,5 not not
manufactured manufactured manufactured
15 ± 0,5 ± 1,5 not not
manufactured manufactured
19 ± 1,0 ± 2,0 not not
manufactured manufactured
25 ± 1,0 not not not
manufactured manufactured manufactured
The thickness of a pane shall be determined as for the basic product. The measurement shall be taken at
the centres of the 4 sides, and away from the area of any tong marks (see Figure 2), which may be
present.
6.2 Width and length (sizes)
6.2.1 General
When thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass dimensions are quoted for rectangular panes,
the first dimension shall be the width, B, and the second dimension the length, H, as shown in Figure 1.
It shall be made clear which dimension is the width, B, and which is the length, H, when related to its
installed position.
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Figure 1 — Examples of width, B, and length, H, relative to the pane shape
6.2.2 Maximum and minimum sizes
For maximum and minimum sizes, the manufacturer should be consulted.
6.2.3 Tolerances and squareness
The nominal dimensions for width and length being given, the finished pane shall not be larger than the
nominal dimensions increased by the tolerance t, or smaller than the nominal dimensions reduced by
the tolerance t. Limits are given in Table 2.
The squareness of rectangular glass panes is expressed by the difference between their diagonals.
The difference between the two diagonal lengths of the pane of glass shall not be larger than the
deviation limit, v, as specified in Table 3.
Table 2 — Tolerances on width, B, and length, H
Dimensions in millimetres
Nominal dimension of Tolerance, t
side,
nominal glass thickness, nominal glass thickness,
B or H
d ≤ 8 d > 8
≤ 2 000 ± 2,0 ± 3,0
2 000 < B or H ≤ 3 000 ± 3,0 ± 4,0
> 3 000 ± 4,0 ± 5,0
Table 3 — Limit deviations for the difference between diagonals
Dimensions in millimetres
Limit deviation v on the difference between diagonals
Nominal dimension nominal glass thickness, nominal glass thickness,
B or H d ≤ 8 d > 8
≤ 2 000 ≤ 4 ≤ 6
2 000 < B or H ≤ 3 000 ≤ 6 ≤ 8
> 3 000 ≤ 8 ≤ 10
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6.2.4 Edge deformation produced by the vertical process
The tongs used to suspend the glass during toughening result in surface depressions, known as tong
marks (see Figure 2). The centres of the tong marks are situated up to a maximum of 20 mm in from the
edge. A deformation of the edge less than 2 mm can be produced in the region of the tong mark and
there may also be an area of optical distortion. These deformations are included in the tolerances in
Table 2.

Key
1 deformation
2 up to 20 mm
3 tong mark
4 100 mm radius maximum area of optical distortion
Figure 2 — Tong mark deformation
6.3 Flatness
6.3.1 General
By the very nature of the toughening process, it is not possible to obtain a product as flat as annealed
glass. This difference in flatness depends on the type of glass, e.g. coated etc., glass dimensions, i.e. the
nominal thickness, the dimensions and the ratio between the dimensions, and the toughening process
employed.
There are six kinds of distortion:
— overall bow (see Figure 3);
— roller wave distortion (for horizontally toughened glass only) (see Figure 4);
— air cushion wave distortion (for air cushion toughened glass only);
— edge lift (for horizontally toughened glass only) (see Figure 5);
— perimeter deformation (for toughened glass manufactured by air cushion process) (see Figure 10);
NOTE 1 Overall bow, roller wave, edge lift and perimeter deformation can, in general, be accommodated by the
framing system.
— local distortion (for vertically toughened glass only) (see Figure 6).
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NOTE 2 Local distortion needs to be allowed for within the glazing materials and the weather seals. For special
requirements, it is advised to consult the manufacturer.

Key
1 deformation for calculating overall bow
2 B, or H, or diagonal length
3 thermally toughened glass
Figure 3 — Representation of overall bow

Key
1 thermally toughened glass
Figure 4 — Representation of roller wave distortion
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Key
1 straight edge
2 edge lift
3 thermally toughened glass
Figure 5 — Representation of edge lift

Key
1 local distortion
2 thermally toughened glass
Figure 6 — Representation of local distortion
6.3.2 Measurement of overall bow
The pane of glass shall be placed in a vertical position and supported on its longer side by two load
bearing blocks at the quarter points (see Figure 7). For glass thinner than 4 mm nominal thickness the
support will have an angle between 3° and 7° from the vertical.
The deformation shall be measured along the edges of the glass and along the diagonals, as the
maximum distance between a straight metal ruler, or a stretched wire, and the concave surface of the
glass (see Figure 3).
The value for the bow is then expressed as the deformation, in millimetres, divided by the measured
length of the edge of the glass, or diagonal, in meter, as appropriate.
The measurement shall be carried out at room temperature.
!Deleted text."
The maximum allowable values are given in Table 4 and Table 6.
NOTE Results from this test method for glasses thinner than 4 mm may be inaccurate.
14

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EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019 (E)
Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 B or H
2 (B or H)/2
3 (B or H)/4
4 thermally toughened glass
5 support
Figure 7 — Support conditions for the measurement of overall bow
...

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