SIST EN 450-1:2005+A1:2008
(Main)Fly ash for concrete - Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria
Fly ash for concrete - Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria
This document specifies requirements for the chemical and physical properties as well as quality control procedures for siliceous fly ash, as defined in 3.2, for use as a type II addition for production of concrete, including in particular cast-in-situ or prefabricated structural concrete conforming to EN 206-1. Fly ash according to this document may also be used in mortars and grouts. Fly ash produced with other types or higher percentages of co-combustion materials than those provided for in 4 is outside the scope of this document. It is, however, beyond the scope of this document to specify provisions governing the practical application of fly ash in the production of concrete, i.e. requirements concerning composition, mixing, placing, curing etc. of concrete containing fly ash. As regards such provisions, reference should be made to other European or national standards for concrete, such as EN 206-1.
Flugasche für Beton - Teil 1: Definition, Anforderungen und Konformitätskriterien
Dieses Dokument legt Anforderungen an die chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften sowie Verfahren für die Güteüberwachung von siliciumreicher Flugasche nach der Definition in 3.2 fest, die als Zusatzstoff Typ II für die Herstellung von Beton, einschließlich insbesondere auch von Ortbeton oder Betonfertigteilen für tragende Zwecke, nach EN 206 1 verwendet wird. Flugasche entsprechend dieser Norm kann auch in Mörteln und Einpressmörteln verwendet werden.
Flugasche, die mit anderen Typen oder höheren Prozentsätzen von Mitverbrennungsstoffen als in Abschnitt 4 vorgesehen hergestellt wird, ist nicht Gegenstand dieser Norm.
Festlegungen für die praktische Verwendung von Flugasche bei der Betonherstellung, d. h. Anforderungen an die Zusammensetzung, das Mischen, den Einbau, die Nachbehandlung usw. von Flugasche enthaltendem Beton, sind nicht Gegenstand dieser Norm. Für diesbezügliche Festlegungen wird auf andere Europäische oder Nationale Normen über Beton, wie z. B. EN 206 1, verwiesen.
Cendres volantes pour béton - Partie 1: Définition, spécifications et criteres de conformité
La présente norme européenne définit les exigences relatives aux propriétés chimiques et physiques ainsi qu'aux procédures de maîtrise de la qualité pour les cendres volantes, telles que définies en 3.2, utilisées comme addition de Type II pour l'élaboration de béton, de mortier ou de coulis, et notamment, de béton de structure coulé en place ou préfabriqué, en accord avec l'EN 206-1 ).
Les règles concernant l'utilisation pratique des cendres volantes dans l'élaboration du béton, c'est-à-dire les dispositions concernant la composition, le malaxage, la mise en place, la cure etc. de bétons qui contiennent des cendres volantes, sortent toutefois du champ d'application de la présente norme. Pour ces règles, il convient de se référer à d'autres normes européennes ou nationales traitant du béton, comme l'EN 206-1 par exemple.
Les cendres volantes destinées à être utilisées pour la fabrication de ciments selon l'EN 197-1 ne sont pas couvertes par la présente norme.
Elektrofiltrski pepel - 1. del: Definicije, specifikacije in merila skladnosti
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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Fly ash for concrete - Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteriaElektrofiltrski pepel - 1. del: Definicije, specifikacije in merila skladnostiCendres volantes pour béton - Partie 1: Définition, spécifications et criteres de conformitéFlugasche für Beton - Teil 1: Definition, Anforderungen und KonformitätskriterienTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007SIST EN 450-1:2005+A1:2008en,fr91.100.30Beton in betonski izdelkiConcrete and concrete productsICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 450-1:2005+A1:200801-januar-2008
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 450-1:2005+A1
October 2007 ICS 91.100.30 Supersedes EN 450-1:2005 English Version
Fly ash for concrete - Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria
Cendres volantes pour béton - Partie 1: Définition, spécifications et critères de conformité
Flugasche für Beton - Teil 1: Definition, Anforderungen und Konformitätskriterien This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22nd December 2004 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 10 September 2007.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels © 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007: E
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.4 Introduction.5 1 Scope.6 2 Normative references.6 3 Terms and definitions.6 4 Specific provisions for fly ash from co-combustion.8 4.1 Co-combustion materials.8 4.2 Establishment of suitability of fly ash from co-combustion.9 4.3 Environmental compatibility.9 5 Specifications.9 5.1 General.9 5.2 Chemical requirements.10 5.3 Physical requirements.11 5.4 Other requirements.12 5.5 Information to be supplied upon request.13 6 Packaging and labelling.13 7 Sampling.13 8 Conformity Criteria.14 8.1 General requirements.14 8.2 Statistical conformity criteria.16 8.3 Single result conformity criteria.18 Annex A (normative)
Release of dangerous substances and emission of radioactivity.20 Annex B (normative)
Method of determining the water requirement for Category S fly ash.21 Annex C (normative)
Determination of the content of soluble phosphate (expressed as P2O5).23 C.1 Principle of the method.23 C.2 Sample for analysis.23 C.3 Reagents.23 C.4 Apparatus.23 C.4 Procedure.23 C.6 Calculation.24 C.7 Report.24 Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or other provisions of EU Directives.25 Bibliography.33
Figures Figure ZA.1 — Example CE marking information.31 Tables Table 1 — Types of co-combustion materials.9
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 3 Table 2 — Properties, test methods and minimum testing frequencies for the autocontrol testing by the producer or his agent and the statistical assessment procedure.14 Table 3 — Acceptability constant kA (Pk = 10 %) at CR = 5 %.17 Table 4 — Values of cA (Pk = 10 %) at CR = 5 %.18 Table 5 — Limit values for single results.19 Table B.B1 — Mix proportions.21 Table ZA.1 — Relevant clauses and intended use.26 Table ZA.2 — System of attestation of conformity.28 Table ZA.3 — Assignment of evaluation of conformity tasks for fly ash under system 1+.29
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104 “Concrete and related products”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This document shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2007 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2009. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2007-09-10. This document supersedes EN 450:2005. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ". This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. !Amendment A1:2007 contains the modified requirements for the initial setting time and the modification of Annex C." It is supported by standards of the series EN 451 for test methods for determination of free calcium oxide content and of the fineness by sieve residue. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 5 Introduction The use of coal for electricity production results in the generation of large quantities of fly ash. Different types of coal and the type of boiler used in this process produce different fly ashes, such as siliceous, silico-calcareous, or calcareous fly ashes with pozzolanic and/or latent hydraulic properties. All these types of fly ash are used in concrete production in some European countries, based on national experiences and tradition. Before its use fly ash maybe subject to processing, for example by classification, selection, sieving, drying, blending, grinding or carbon reduction, to optimize its fineness, reduce its water demand or to improve other properties. Such processed fly ashes may conform to this document to which reference is made in such case. When they are out of the scope of this document, their suitability for use as Type II additions in concrete according to EN 206-1 may also be established from National standards or provisions or European Technical Approvals valid in the place of use of the concrete and which refer specifically to the use of the addition in concrete conforming to EN 206-1. When using fly ashes conforming to this document, it should be noted that, apart from the effect from the pozzolanicity of the fly ash, certain properties of fresh and hardened concrete may be affected. Where relevant, such effects have to be considered in concrete mix design (see EN 206-1).
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 6 1 Scope This document specifies requirements for the chemical and physical properties as well as quality control procedures for siliceous fly ash, as defined in 3.2, for use as a type II addition for production of concrete, including in particular cast-in-situ or prefabricated structural concrete conforming to EN 206-1. Fly ash according to this document may also be used in mortars and grouts. Fly ash produced with other types or higher percentages of co-combustion materials than those provided for in 4 is outside the scope of this document. It is, however, beyond the scope of this document to specify provisions governing the practical application of fly ash in the production of concrete, i.e. requirements concerning composition, mixing, placing, curing etc. of concrete containing fly ash. As regards such provisions, reference should be made to other European or national standards for concrete, such as EN 206-1. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. !EN 196-1", Methods of testing cement — Part 1: Determination of strength !EN 196-2", Methods of testing cement — Part 2: Chemical analysis of cement EN 196-3, Methods of testing cement — Part 3: Determination of setting time and soundness EN 196-6, Methods of testing cement — Determination of fineness EN 196-7, Methods of testing cement — Methods of taking and preparing samples of cement !deleted text" !EN 197-1", Cement — Part 1: Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common cements EN 206-1, Concrete — Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity EN 450-2:2005, Fly ash for concrete — Part 2: Conformity evaluation EN 451-1, Method of testing fly ash — Part 1: Determination of free calcium oxide content EN 451-2, Method of testing fly ash — Part 2: Determination of fineness by wet sieving !EN 1015-3", Methods of test for mortar for masonry — Part 3: Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by flow table) EN ISO 11885, Water quality — Determination of 33 elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ISO 11885:1996) ISO 10694, Soil quality — Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (elementary analysis) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The values appearing in the definitions below shall not form part of the criteria for assessing conformity.
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 7 3.1 type II addition finely divided inorganic, pozzolanic or latent hydraulic material that may be added to concrete in order to improve certain properties or to achieve special properties (see EN 206-1) 3.2 fly ash fine powder of mainly spherical, glassy particles, derived from burning of pulverised coal, with or without co-combustion materials, which has pozzolanic properties and consists essentially of SiO2 and Al2O3, the content of reactive SiO2 as defined and described in EN 197-1 being at least 25 % by mass. Fly ash is obtained by electrostatic or mechanical precipitation of dust-like particles from the flue gases of furnaces fired with pulverised coal, with or without co-combustion materials, see 4. Fly ash may be processed, for example by classification, selection, sieving, drying, blending, grinding or carbon reduction, or by combination of these processes, in adequate production plants. Such processed fly ash may consist of fly ashes from different sources, each conforming to the definition given in this clause. If one or more of incoming fly ashes are obtained from co-combustion, then the processed fly ash shall be considered as fly ash from co-combustion NOTE Municipal and industrial waste incineration ashes do not conform to the definition given in this clause. 3.3 test cement selected brand of Portland cement of type CEM I, strength class 42,5 or higher, conforming to EN 197-1 to be used for carrying out the tests needed to evaluate conformity to the requirements of 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.5 and 5.3.6. Test cement is selected by the fly ash producer and is further characterised by its fineness and contents of tricalcium aluminate and alkalis as follows: Fineness (Blaine): At least 300 m2/kg Tricalcium aluminate: 6 % to 12 % Alkalis (Na2O eqv): 0,5 % to 1,2 % 3.4 particle density average density of fly ash particles, including voids inside the particles 3.5 activity index ratio (in percent) of the compressive strength of standard mortar bars, prepared with 75 % test cement plus 25 % fly ash by mass, to the compressive strength of standard mortar bars prepared with 100 % test cement, when tested at the same age 3.6 autocontrol continuous statistical quality control of the fly ash based on the testing of samples taken by the producer or their agent at point(s) of release from the fly ash producing facility 3.7 control period period of production and/or dispatch identified for the evaluation of the autocontrol test results 3.8 characteristic value value of the required property outside of which lies a specified percentage, the percentile Pk, of all the values of the population
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 8 3.9 specified characteristic value characteristic value of a chemical or physical property which in the case of an upper limit is not to be exceeded or in the case of a lower limit is, as a minimum, to be reached 3.10 single result limit value value of a chemical or physical property which – for any single test result – in the case of an upper limit is not to be exceeded or in the case of a lower limit is, as a minimum, to be reached 3.11 allowable probability of acceptance CR for a given sampling plan, the allowed probability of acceptance of fly ash with a characteristic value outside the specified characteristic value 3.12 sampling plan specific plan which states the (statistical) sample size(s) to be used, the percentile Pk, and the allowable probability of acceptance CR 3.13 spot sample sample taken at the same time and from one and the same place, relating to the intended tests. It can be obtained by combining one or more immediately consecutive increments (see EN 196-7) 4 Specific provisions for fly ash from co-combustion 4.1 Co-combustion materials FIy ash from co-combustion as defined in 3.2 is obtained from pulverised coal fired simultaneously with co-combustion materials as listed in Table 1. The minimum percentage, by dry mass, of coal (Kc) shall not be less than 80 % and the maximum proportion of fly ash derived from co-combustion materials (M) shall not be greater than 10 % when calculated from the Formula (1): M= 100 (K1*A1 +K2*A2 …Kn*An) /(Kc*Ac +(K1*A1 +K2*A2 … Kn*An)) (1) where
M
is the proportion of co-combustion ash in total fly ash in % by mass; Ai
is the ash content of co-combustion material No. i, in % by mass; n
is the number of co-combustion materials being used;
Ac
is the ash content of coal in % by mass;
Ki and Kc are the proportions of co-combustion material(s) and coal being fired, respectively; and where
(Kc + K1+ K2 + … Kn) = 1 and Kc ≥ 0,80. Virtually ash free liquid and gaseous fuels can not be considered in accordance with Formula (1). For that reason the maximum percentage of such fuels shall be determined on the basis of their calorific contribution which shall not exceed 20 % of the total calorific energy.
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 9 Table 1 — Types of co-combustion materials
1 Vegetable material like wood chips, straw, olive shells and other vegetable fibres 2 Green wood and cultivated biomass 3 Animal meal 4 Municipal sewage sludge 5 Paper sludge 6 Petroleum coke 7 Virtually ash free liquid and gaseous fuels
4.2 Establishment of suitability of fly ash from co-combustion The suitability of fly ash obtained from combustion of coal with co-combustion materials given in Table 1 shall be established and documented by the producer. An initial co-combustion in the furnace using the highest intended amount of co-combustion material shall be performed. A representative sample of fly ash taken from this co-combustion (see 7) shall be used to establish the suitability.
Suitability of fly ash obtained from co-combustion with one of the co-combustion materials in Table 1 is established if conformity to the requirements in 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 has been proven. Other co-combustion materials than those listed in Table 1 may be used if permitted by national laws, regulations or administrative provisions valid in the place of use of fly ash produced from such co-combustion materials and provided that such fly ash conforms to the requirements in 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4.
4.3 Environmental compatibility Should there be any additional requirements resulting from national laws, regulations and administrative provisions in the place of use of the fly ash regarding e.g.
a) the fly ash, b) the leachate of concrete produced with fly ash, c) the co-combustion material, these are to be considered with respect to environmental compatibility, and conformity to the relevant regulations has, where required, to be evaluated before production. 5 Specifications 5.1 General The chemical and physical requirements in 5.2 and 5.3 are specified as characteristic values. Conformity to a characteristic value is assessed by means of a statistical quality control procedure as described in 8.
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 10 The test methods prescribed in this document are reference methods. In factory production control, cfr. EN 450-2, other methods may be used provided they give results equivalent to those obtained with the reference method. In case of a dispute, only the reference method shall be used. NOTE Fly ash should be stored and delivered in a dry condition. 5.2 Chemical requirements 5.2.1 General The chemical composition shall be expressed as proportions by mass of dry fly ash (see 7 for a method of obtaining a sample of dry fly ash). In performing the test methods described in 13 of EN 196-2:1994 the following modifications shall be observed: a) When heating the sample-peroxide mixture (13.2 of EN 196-2:1994) use a furnace temperature of 550 °C and maintain it for 60 min. Timing to start when temperature has recovered to 540 °C; b) When dispersing the sintered mass from the furnace (13.2 of EN 196-2:1994), proceed with the test even though the melting may not be clear; c) To decompose the evaporation residue (13.7 of EN 196-2:1994), add 2 g potassium bisulfate instead of the sodium carbonate/sodium chloride mixture. 5.2.2 Loss on ignition The loss on ignition shall be determined in accordance with the principles of the method described in EN 196-2 but using an ignition time of 1 h, and shall fall within the limits of the categories specified below: Category A: Not greater than 5,0 % by mass Category B: Between 2,0 % and 7,0 % by mass Category C: Between 4,0 % and 9,0 % by mass
The purpose of this requirement is to limit the residue of unburnt carbon in the fly ash. It is sufficient, therefore, to show, through direct measurement of unburnt carbon residue, that the content of unburnt carbon falls within the limits of the categories specified above. The content of unburnt carbon shall be determined in accordance with ISO 10694. NOTE As the magnitude of the loss on ignition may have an influence on the effect of air-entraining admixtures used for the manufacture of concrete resistant to freezing and thawing, the three loss on ignition categories defined in this document allow the user to take this into account by choosing the appropriate category for each particular application and exposure class, thus following the standards and/or regulations for concrete valid in the place of use. 5.2.3 Chloride The content of chloride, expressed as Cl–, shall be determined in accordance with !EN 196-2" and shall not be greater than 0,10 % by mass. 5.2.4 Sulfuric anhydride The content of sulfuric anhydride, SO3, shall be determined in accordance with EN 196-2 and shall not be greater than 3,0 % by mass.
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 11 5.2.5 Free calcium oxide The content of free calcium oxide shall be determined by the method described in EN 451-1 and shall not be greater than 2,5 % by mass. If the content of free calcium oxide is greater than 1,0 % by mass, then the fly ash shall be tested for conformity to the requirements for soundness in 5.3.3. 5.2.6 Reactive calcium oxide The content of reactive calcium oxide shall be calculated as stipulated in 3.1 of EN 197-1:2000 and shall not exceed 10,0 % by mass. Where the total content of calcium oxide determined in accordance with 5.2.1 does not exceed 10,0 % by mass, the requirement for reactive calcium oxide shall be deemed to be satisfied. 5.2.7 Reactive silicon dioxide The content of reactive silicon dioxide as defined and described in 3.2 of EN 197-1:2000 shall not be less than 25 % by mass. Fly ash obtained from combustion of pulverised coal only shall be deemed to satisfy this requirement. 5.2.8 Silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) The sum of the contents of silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) shall be determined in accordance with EN 196-2, modified as indicated in 5.2.1, and shall not be less than 70 % by mass. Fly ash obtained from combustion of pulverised coal only shall be deemed to satisfy this requirement. 5.2.9 Total content of alkalis The total content of alkalis shall be determined in accordance with !EN 196-2" and calculated as Na2O (equivalent) and shall not exceed 5,0 % by mass. Fly ash obtained from combustion of pulverised coal only shall be deemed to satisfy this requirement. NOTE Different national provisions adopt different principles but in general only a small proportion of alkalis in fly ash are considered to contribute to alkali silica reaction, cfr CR 1901. 5.2.10 Magnesium oxide The content of magnesium oxide (MgO) shall be determined in accordance with EN 196-2 and shall not be greater than 4,0 % by mass. Fly ash obtained from combustion of pulverised coal only shall be deemed to satisfy this requirement. 5.2.11 Soluble phosphate
The content of soluble phosphate (P2O5) shall be determined in accordance with the method described in Annex C (normative) and shall not be greater than 100 mg/kg. Fly ash obtained from combustion of pulverised coal only shall be deemed to satisfy this requirement. 5.3 Physical requirements 5.3.1 Fineness The fineness of fly ash shall be expressed as the mass proportion in percent of the ash retained when wet sieved on a 0,045 mm mesh sieve and determined in accordance with EN 451-2, and shall fall within the limits of the categories specified below: Category N: The fineness shall not exceed 40 % by mass, and it shall not vary by more than ± 10 percentage points from the declared value.
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 12 Category S: The fineness shall not exceed 12 % by mass. The ± 10 percentage points fineness variation limits are not applicable. 5.3.2 Activity index Preparation of standard mortar bars and determination of the compressive strength shall be carried out in accordance with EN 196-1. The activity index at 28 days and at 90 days shall not be less than 75 % and 85 %, respectively. NOTE The result of the activity index tests gives no direct information on the strength contribution of fly ash in concrete, nor is the use of the fly ash limited to the mixing ratio used in these tests. 5.3.3 Soundness The expansion shall be determined on 30 % fly ash plus 70 % test cement by mass in accordance with EN 196-3 and shall not be greater than 10 mm. Where the free calcium oxide content of the fly ash determined in accordance with 5.2.5 does not exceed 1,0 % by mass, this requirement shall be deemed to be satisfied. 5.3.4 Particle density The particle density shall be determined in accordance with EN 196-6 and shall not deviate by more than ± 200 kg/m3 from the value declared by the producer. 5.3.5 Initial setting time !The initial setting time shall be determined on a 25 % fly ash plus 75 % test cement (both by mass) cement paste in accordance with EN 196-3 and shall not be more than twice as long as the initial setting time of a 100 % (by mass) test cement paste. The requirements regarding initial setting time specified in EN 197-1 shall be met by the test cement when tested alone. Fly ash obtained from combustion of pulverized coal only shall be deemed to satisfy this requirement." 5.3.6 Water requirement The water requirement of fly ash of fineness category S shall be determined by the method described in Annex B (normative) and shall not be greater than 95 % of that for the test cement alone.
For fly ash of fineness category N this requirement does not apply. 5.4 Other requirements 5.4.1 Durability requirements The composition and the performance of the fly ash shall be such that durable concrete (see EN 206-1) may be produced when using the fly ash. Fly ash conforming to the definition in 3.2 and fulfilling the chemical requirements in 5.2 and the physical requirements in 5.3 shall be deemed to satisfy the durability requirements.
In certain applications, particularly for concrete in severe environmental conditions, the choice of fly ash category may have an influence on the durability of concrete, e.g. frost resistance and resistance to alkali aggregate reactions. In such cases the choice of fly ash category shall follow the appropriate standards and/or regulations valid in the place of use.
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 (E) 13 5.4.2 Release of dangerous substances and emission of radioactivity Fly ash shall not contain substances which, when released from concrete, are dangerous for health, hygiene and the environment. See A
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