ISO/TR 16203:2023
(Main)Overview of methods available for particle-free erosion corrosion testing in flowing liquids
Overview of methods available for particle-free erosion corrosion testing in flowing liquids
This document provides an overview of the erosion corrosion tests of materials in single-phase flowing liquids and the test methods available.
Titre manque
L'ISO/TR 16203 :2016 fournit d'une part, des informations relatives à un essai de corrosion-érosion de matériaux dans des liquides monophasiques en mouvement, et d'autre part, des préconisations pour le choix des méthodes d'essai.
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 16203
Second edition
2023-08
Overview of methods available for
particle-free erosion corrosion testing
in flowing liquids
Reference number
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principles . 1
4.1 Particle-free erosion corrosion . 1
4.2 Particle-free erosion corrosion test. 1
4.3 Material loss and observation of surface damage . 2
5 Test methods . 2
5.1 Tests for uniform corrosion . 2
5.1.1 Rotating cylinder test . 2
5.1.2 Test in a pipe or channel . 3
5.2 Tests for nonuniform corrosion . 3
5.2.1 Rotating disc test . 3
5.2.2 Test in a pipe or channel with changes in flow cross section . 4
5.2.3 Jet impingement test . 5
5.3 Application method of electrochemical measurement . 6
6 Test condition .9
6.1 General . 9
6.1.1 Selection of test method . 9
6.1.2 The effect of flow velocity and test duration in the respective tests . 9
6.1.3 Wall shear stress . 10
6.1.4 Selection of damage measuring methods . 11
6.1.5 Insulation of test specimen . 11
6.1.6 Use of multiple specimens . 11
6.1.7 Unit of metal loss . 11
6.2 Applications and limitations of tests . 11
Bibliography .14
iii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156, Corrosion of metals and alloys.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 16203:2016), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— In addition to “erosion corrosion”, the description on the “corrosion” under flowing water was
added.
— Description on application method of electrochemical measurement was added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
Introduction
Particle-free erosion corrosion is a major problem in metallic materials in industries handling liquids
flowing rapidly which are corrosive. Specifically, the metallic materials include copper, copper alloys
and steels, and the liquids are various types of liquids such as seawater, tap water, industrial water,
chemical water (e.g. acid and alkali aqueous solution), waste water, etc. Particle-free erosion corrosion
usually leads to rapid metal loss with possibly catastrophic consequences. In order to prevent, mitigate
and/or control the problems, it is important to select methods for particle-free erosion corrosion
testing. This document provides an overview of the methods available for particle-free erosion
corrosion testing in flowing liquids.
v
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
Overview of methods available for particle-free erosion
corrosion testing in flowing liquids
1 Scope
This document provides an overview of the erosion corrosion tests of materials in single-phase flowing
liquids and the test methods available.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8044, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 8044 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
erosion
progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that
surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles
[1]
[SOURCE: ASTM G40-22 ]
3.2
particle-free erosion corrosion
erosion corrosion of metallic materials in single phase flowing liquids free of solid particles and gas
bubbles
4 Principles
4.1 Particle-free erosion corrosion
Particle-free erosion corrosion describes the synergistic metal dissolution and mechanical removal
of corrosion products formed on a metal surface leading to enhanced corrosion due to distributed or
turbulent flow. The details of the predominant phenomena between the dissolution and the mechanical
removal are ambiguous.
4.2 Particle-free erosion corrosion test
The conditions in which particle-free erosion corrosion occurs are sensitive to the application, but there
are a range of laboratory test methods that have been developed to simulate typical service applications.
These test methods can provide a basis for assessing the relative susceptibility of materials to damage
development. Particle-free erosion corrosion tests are conducted either by setting up a uniform flow
1
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
velocity distribution or turbulent flow mixing. In the former, corrosion damage increases due to the
increase in mass transfer in laminar boundary layers as the flow velocity of liquid increases, while in
the latter, the corrosion damage increases depending on the strength of turbulent mixing.
4.3 Material loss and observation of surface damage
Material loss by corrosion is detected by measuring mass loss or depth loss of a metal surface. The
mass of the sample after the testing or after the stripping the residual corrosion products, compared
to its initial mass can provide an indication of the importance of the phenomenon. The depth loss of the
sample surface can be also taken into account after the same procedures. The accuracy of corrosion
loss is guaranteed by appropriate test specimen size in the mass loss measurement and normalised
level of no-corrosion area in the depth measurement. The observations of the corroded surface or
the corrosion products are also useful for deducing the corrosion mechanism. Particle-free erosion
corrosion behaviour can be observed by electrochemical measurement using a potentiometer, a current
meter and a potentiostat. These measurements and observations are taken appropriately according to
the purpose of the test.
NOTE The thickness distribution of the corrosion products possibly occurs as same as the damage depth
distribution, in the case of nonuniform corrosion. The thickness and property of the corrosion products are
probably informative for the mechanisms of corrosion or particle-free erosion corrosion.
5 Test methods
5.1 Tests for uniform corrosion
5.1.1 Rotating cylinder test
A cylindrical specimen electrically insulated at the top and bottom end is used in this test. Figure 1 is a
schematic drawing of principle, as for example, Reference [2]. The cylindrical surface is the test surface.
It is attached with a shaft at the top end which rotates it around the longitudinal axis in the test solution.
The radius of the cylinder is chosen freely, but needs to be constant along the longitudinal distance,
so that a uniform distribution of circumferential flow velocity over the entire surface of specimen is
achieved. Either rounded insulator or squared-off one at the bottom can be used. This test is widely
used for elucidating the effect of flow velocity on the uniform corrosion.
Key
1 insulator
2 specimen
Figure 1 — Schematic drawing of principle of the rotating cylinder test
2
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
5.1.2 Test in a pipe or channel
The pipe specimen installed in the pipeline and the test specimens embedded in the wall of the duct,
schematically shown in Figure 2 (a) and (b), as for example, Reference [3] are also used for investigating
the effect of flow velocity on uniform corrosion. The specimen surfaces are installed parallel to the flow
direction. The upstream flow is possibly rectified or uniform in a pipe. It is not appropriate to put an
elbow joint and valve in
...
1.1.1 Reference number of working document: ISO/TC156 N 7339
Date: 2023-4-12
Reference number of document: ISO/PRF TR 16203
Committee identification: ISOISO/TC 156/WG 14
Secretariat: SAC
Date: 2023-06-01
Overview of methods available for particle-free erosion corrosion
testing in flowing liquids.
Warning
This document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject to
change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant
patentFDIS stage
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
© ISO 2023
All rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/ TR 16203
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a working draftreserved. Unless otherwise specified, or committee draft and is copyright-
protected by ISO. While required in the reproduction of working drafts or committee drafts in any form for use by
participants in the ISO standards development process is permitted without prior permission from ISO, neither this
document nor any extract from itcontext of its implementation, no part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored or utilized otherwise in any form or transmitted in any form for any other purposeby any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission.
Permission can be requested from either ISO.
Requests for permission to reproduce this document for at the purpose of selling it should be addressed as
shownaddress below or to ISO’s member body in the country of the requester:.
Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
iv
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203
Contents Page
Foreword . vii
Introduction . ix
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principles . 2
4.1 Particle-free erosion corrosion . 2
4.2 Particle-free erosion corrosion test . 2
4.3 Material loss and observation of surface damage . 2
5 Test methods . 3
5.1 Tests for uniform corrosion . 3
5.1.1 Rotating cylinder test . 3
5.1.2 Test in a pipe or channel . 4
5.2 Tests for nonuniform corrosion . 4
5.2.1 Rotating disc test . 4
5.2.2 Test in a pipe or channel with changes in flow cross section . 5
5.2.3 Jet impingement test . 6
5.3 Application method of electrochemical measurement . 7
6 Test condition . 11
6.1 General . 11
6.1.1 Selection of test method . 11
6.1.2 The effect of flow velocity and test duration in the respective tests . 11
6.1.3 Wall shear stress . 12
6.1.4 Selection of damage measuring methods . 15
6.1.5 Insulation of test specimen . 15
6.1.6 Use of multiple specimens . 15
6.1.7 Unit of metal loss . 15
6.2 Applications and limitations of tests . 15
Bibliography . 18
Foreword………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….iv
1 Scope………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1
2 Normative references……………………………………………………………………………………….1
© ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
v
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/ TR 16203
3 Terms and definitions …………………………………………………………………………………. 1
3.1 erosion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…1 3.2
erosion corrosion…………………………………………………………………………………….………1
3.3 particle-free erosion corrosion…………………………………………………………………….………1
4 Principles ….…………………………………………………………………………………….……………1
4.1 Particle-free erosion corrosion…………………………………………………………………….………1
4.2 Particle-free erosion corrosion
test……………………………………………………………….………1
4.3 Material loss and observation of surface damage
…………………………………………………… 1
5 Test methods ……………………………………………………………………………………….….…… 2
5.1 Tests for uniform corrosion ……………….….…………………………………………….……………. 2
5.1.1 Rotating cylinder test
5.1.2 Test in a pipe or channel
5.2 Tests for nonuniform corrosion…………………….……………………….……………….…….…….3
5.2.1 Rotating disc test
5.2.2 Test in a pipe or channel with changes in flow cross section
5.2.3 Jet impingement test
5.3 Application method of electrochemical
measurement………………………………………….….5
6. Test condition…………………………………………………………………………….………………….6
6.1 General………………….…………………………………….…………………………………….…………6
6.1.1 Selection of test method
6.1.2 The effect of flow velocity and test duration in the respective tests
6.1.3 Wall shear stress
6.1.4 Selection of damage measuring methods
6.1.5 Insulation of test specimen
6.1.6 Use of multiple specimen
6.1.7 Unit of metal loss
6.2 Applications and limitations of tests ………….…………………………………….……….…………8
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………………………….……10
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
vi
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documentsdocument should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance
with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Field Code Changed
Attention is drawnISO draws attention to the possibility that some of the elementsimplementation of this
document may beinvolve the subjectuse of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence,
validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights. in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of
this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this
document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information,
which may be obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the
development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received
(see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmlwww.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156, Corrosion of metals and alloys, WG 14,
Tribo-corrosion.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO /TR 16203:2016), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— In addition to “erosion corrosion”, the description on the “corrosion” under flowing water was added.
— Description on application method of electrochemical measurement was added.
A list of all parts in the ISO ##### series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
Field Code Changed
© ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
vii
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/ TR 16203
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
viii
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203
Introduction
Particle-free erosion corrosion is a major problem in metallic materials in industries handling liquids
flowing rapidly which are corrosive. Specifically, the metallic materials include copper, copper alloys and
steels, and the liquids are various types of liquids such as seawater, tap water, industrial water, chemical
water (e.g. acid and alkali aqueous solution), waste water, etc. Particle-free erosion corrosion usually
leads to rapid metal loss with possibly catastrophic consequences. In order to prevent, mitigate and/or
control the problems, it is important to select methods for particle-free erosion corrosion testing. This
document provides an overview of the methods available for particle-free erosion corrosion testing in
flowing liquids.
© ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
ix
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/PRF TR 16203:(E)
1
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
x
x © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203
Overview of methods available for particle-free erosion corrosion testing
in flowing liquids.
Overview of methods available for particle-free erosion corrosion
testing in flowing liquids
21 Scope
This document provides an overview of the erosion corrosion tests of materials in single-phase flowing
liquids and the test methods available.
42 2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
[1]
ISO 8044:, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Vocabulary
63 3 Terms and definitions
[1]
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 8044 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
Field Code Changed
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
erosion
progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that
surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles
[2] [1]
[SourceSOURCE: ASTM G40:2017, 3] -22, a ]
3.2
erosion corrosion
process involving conjoint corrosion and erosion
[1]
[Source: ISO 8044_2020]
© ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
1
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/PRF TR 16203:(E)
3.3
particle-free erosion corrosion
erosion corrosion of metallic materials in single phase flowing liquids free of solid particles and gas
bubbles
84 4 Principles
8.14.1 4.1 Particle-free erosion corrosion
Particle-free erosion corrosion describes the synergistic metal dissolution and mechanical removal of
corrosion products formed on a metal surface leading to enhanced corrosion due to distributed or
turbulent flow. The details of the predominant phenomena between the dissolution and the mechanical
removal are ambiguous.
8.24.2 4.2 Particle-free erosion corrosion test
The conditions in which particle-free erosion corrosion occurs are sensitive to the application, but there
are a range of laboratory test methods that have been developed to simulate typical service applications.
These test methods can provide a basis for assessing the relative susceptibility of materials to damage
development. Particle-free erosion corrosion tests are conducted either by setting up a uniform flow
velocity distribution or turbulent flow mixing. In the former, corrosion damage increases due to the
increase in mass transfer in laminar boundary layers as the flow velocity of liquid increases, while in the
latter, the corrosion damage increases depending on the strength of turbulent mixing.
8.34.3 4.3 Material loss and observation of surface damage
Material loss by corrosion is detected by measuring mass loss or depth loss of a metal surface. The mass
of the sample after the testing or after the stripping the residual corrosion products, compared to its
initial mass can provide an indication of the importance of the phenomenon. The depth loss of the sample
surface can be also taken into account after the same procedures. The accuracy of corrosion loss is
guaranteed by appropriate test specimen size in the mass loss measurement and normalised level of no-
corrosion area in the depth measurement. The observations of the corroded surface or the corrosion
products are also useful for deducing the corrosion mechanism. Particle-free erosion corrosion behaviour
can be observed by electrochemical measurement using a potentiometer, a current meter and a
potentiostat. These measurements and observations are taken appropriately according to the purpose of
the test.
Note: NOTE The thickness distribution of the corrosion products possibly occurs as same as the damage depth
distribution, in the case of nonuniform corrosion. The thickness and property of the corrosion products are probably
informative for the mechanisms of corrosion or particle-free erosion corrosion.
© ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
2
2 © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/PRF TR 16203:(E)
105 5 Test methods
10.15.1 5.1 Tests for uniform corrosion
10.1.15.1.1 5.1.1 Rotating cylinder test
A cylindrical specimen electrically insulated at the top and bottom end is used in this test. Figure
1Figure 1 is a schematic drawing of principle, as for example, Reference [3]. [2]. The cylindrical surface
is the test surface. It is attached with a shaft at the top end which rotates it around the longitudinal axis
in the test solution. The radius of the cylinder is chosen freely, but needs to be constant along the
longitudinal distance, so that a uniform distribution of circumferential flow velocity over the entire
surface of specimen is achieved. Either rounded insulator or squared-off one at the bottom can be used.
This test is widely used for elucidating the effect of flow velocity on the uniform corrosion.
Key
1: insulator
2: specimen
1 insulator
2 specimen
Figure 1 — Schematic drawing of principle of the rotating cylinder test
© ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
3
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO/PRF TR 16203:(E)
10.1.25.1.2 5.1.2 Test in a pipe or channel
The pipe specimen installed in the pipeline and the test specimens embedded in the wall of the duct,
schematically shown in Figure 2Figure 2 (a) and (b), as for example, Reference [4] [3] are al
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 16203
Second edition
Overview of methods available for
particle-free erosion corrosion testing
in flowing liquids
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principles . 1
4.1 Particle-free erosion corrosion . 1
4.2 Particle-free erosion corrosion test. 1
4.3 Material loss and observation of surface damage . 2
5 Test methods . 2
5.1 Tests for uniform corrosion . 2
5.1.1 Rotating cylinder test . 2
5.1.2 Test in a pipe or channel . 3
5.2 Tests for nonuniform corrosion . 3
5.2.1 Rotating disc test . 3
5.2.2 Test in a pipe or channel with changes in flow cross section . 4
5.2.3 Jet impingement test . 5
5.3 Application method of electrochemical measurement . 5
6 Test condition .8
6.1 General . 8
6.1.1 Selection of test method . 8
6.1.2 The effect of flow velocity and test duration in the respective tests . 8
6.1.3 Wall shear stress . 9
6.1.4 Selection of damage measuring methods . 10
6.1.5 Insulation of test specimen . 10
6.1.6 Use of multiple specimens . 10
6.1.7 Unit of metal loss . 10
6.2 Applications and limitations of tests . 10
Bibliography .13
iii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156, Corrosion of metals and alloys.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 16203:2016), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— In addition to “erosion corrosion”, the description on the “corrosion” under flowing water was
added.
— Description on application method of electrochemical measurement was added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
Introduction
Particle-free erosion corrosion is a major problem in metallic materials in industries handling liquids
flowing rapidly which are corrosive. Specifically, the metallic materials include copper, copper alloys
and steels, and the liquids are various types of liquids such as seawater, tap water, industrial water,
chemical water (e.g. acid and alkali aqueous solution), waste water, etc. Particle-free erosion corrosion
usually leads to rapid metal loss with possibly catastrophic consequences. In order to prevent, mitigate
and/or control the problems, it is important to select methods for particle-free erosion corrosion
testing. This document provides an overview of the methods available for particle-free erosion
corrosion testing in flowing liquids.
v
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
Overview of methods available for particle-free erosion
corrosion testing in flowing liquids
1 Scope
This document provides an overview of the erosion corrosion tests of materials in single-phase flowing
liquids and the test methods available.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8044, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 8044 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
erosion
progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that
surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles
[1]
[SOURCE: ASTM G40-22, a ]
3.2
particle-free erosion corrosion
erosion corrosion of metallic materials in single phase flowing liquids free of solid particles and gas
bubbles
4 Principles
4.1 Particle-free erosion corrosion
Particle-free erosion corrosion describes the synergistic metal dissolution and mechanical removal
of corrosion products formed on a metal surface leading to enhanced corrosion due to distributed or
turbulent flow. The details of the predominant phenomena between the dissolution and the mechanical
removal are ambiguous.
4.2 Particle-free erosion corrosion test
The conditions in which particle-free erosion corrosion occurs are sensitive to the application, but there
are a range of laboratory test methods that have been developed to simulate typical service applications.
These test methods can provide a basis for assessing the relative susceptibility of materials to damage
development. Particle-free erosion corrosion tests are conducted either by setting up a uniform flow
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ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
velocity distribution or turbulent flow mixing. In the former, corrosion damage increases due to the
increase in mass transfer in laminar boundary layers as the flow velocity of liquid increases, while in
the latter, the corrosion damage increases depending on the strength of turbulent mixing.
4.3 Material loss and observation of surface damage
Material loss by corrosion is detected by measuring mass loss or depth loss of a metal surface. The
mass of the sample after the testing or after the stripping the residual corrosion products, compared
to its initial mass can provide an indication of the importance of the phenomenon. The depth loss of the
sample surface can be also taken into account after the same procedures. The accuracy of corrosion
loss is guaranteed by appropriate test specimen size in the mass loss measurement and normalised
level of no-corrosion area in the depth measurement. The observations of the corroded surface or
the corrosion products are also useful for deducing the corrosion mechanism. Particle-free erosion
corrosion behaviour can be observed by electrochemical measurement using a potentiometer, a current
meter and a potentiostat. These measurements and observations are taken appropriately according to
the purpose of the test.
NOTE The thickness distribution of the corrosion products possibly occurs as same as the damage depth
distribution, in the case of nonuniform corrosion. The thickness and property of the corrosion products are
probably informative for the mechanisms of corrosion or particle-free erosion corrosion.
5 Test methods
5.1 Tests for uniform corrosion
5.1.1 Rotating cylinder test
A cylindrical specimen electrically insulated at the top and bottom end is used in this test. Figure 1 is a
schematic drawing of principle, as for example, Reference [2]. The cylindrical surface is the test surface.
It is attached with a shaft at the top end which rotates it around the longitudinal axis in the test solution.
The radius of the cylinder is chosen freely, but needs to be constant along the longitudinal distance,
so that a uniform distribution of circumferential flow velocity over the entire surface of specimen is
achieved. Either rounded insulator or squared-off one at the bottom can be used. This test is widely
used for elucidating the effect of flow velocity on the uniform corrosion.
Key
1 insulator
2 specimen
Figure 1 — Schematic drawing of principle of the rotating cylinder test
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ISO/TR 16203:2023(E)
5.1.2 Test in a pipe or channel
The pipe specimen installed in the pipeline and the test specimens embedded in the wall of the duct,
schematically shown in Figure 2 (a) and (b), as for example, Reference [3] are also used for investigating
the effect of flow velocity on uniform corrosion. The specimen surfaces are installed parallel to the flow
direction. The upstream flow is possibly rectified or uniform in a pipe. It is not appropriate to put an
elbow joint and valve
...
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