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ISO/FDIS 27919-2

(Main)

Carbon dioxide capture

Carbon dioxide capture

Captage du dioxyde de carbone

General Information

Status
Published
ICS
13.020.40 - Pollution, pollution control and conservation
Technical Committee
ISO/TC 265 - Carbon dioxide capture, transportation, and geological storage
Drafting Committee
ISO/TC 265/WG 1 - Capture
Current Stage
5020 - FDIS ballot initiated: 2 months. Proof sent to secretariat
Start Date
09-Jun-2021
Completion Date
09-Jun-2021
Ref Project

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FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 27919-2
ISO/TC 265
Carbon dioxide capture —
Secretariat: SCC
Voting begins on:
Part 2:
2021-06-09
Evaluation procedure to assure and
Voting terminates on:
maintain stable performance of
2021-08-04
post-combustion CO2 capture plant
integrated with a power plant
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................ 1

3.1 Terms and definitions ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3.2 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

3.3 Symbols ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

4 Principles ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

4.2 Reliable performance ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9

4.3 Ensuring and maintaining reliable performance ...................................................................................................... 9

4.4 Procedure outline ................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

4.4.1 Outline of procedure flow ........................................................................................................................................ 9

4.4.2 Process step 1 to 3 outline — Main part ..................................................................................................10

4.4.3 Process step 4 to 6 outline — Evaluations of items peculiar to a PCC plant

with some uncertainty .............................................................................................................................................11

4.5 Governing principles .......................................................................................................................................................................11

5 Availability, reliability and maintainability - basic concepts for a PCC plant .....................................12

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................12

5.2 Spatial and temporal evaluation boundary .................................................................................................................13

5.3 Evaluation and quantification of availability .............................................................................................................13

5.4 Evaluation and quantification of reliability ......... ........................................................................................................14

5.5 Evaluation and quantification of maintainability ..................................................................................................17

5.6 Combined aspect of availability, reliability and maintainability ...............................................................17

5.7 Unavailability (three categories) ..........................................................................................................................................18

6 Defining reliability, availability and maintainability in the basic design phase .............................18

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................18

6.2 PCC plant description .....................................................................................................................................................................19

6.3 Basic design phase ............................................................................................................................................................................19

7 Determining reliability and availability in the operational phase................................................................20

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................20

7.2 Review of operation result .........................................................................................................................................................20

7.3 Basic load pattern for evaluation and reporting of operation ....................................................................20

7.4 Normal operation (transient and steady) .....................................................................................................................22

7.5 Start-up and shut-down ...............................................................................................................................................................23

7.6 Emergency operations ..................................................................................................................................................................23

7.7 Downtime .................................................................................................................................................................................................24

7.8 Plant operator organization and training .....................................................................................................................24

8 Implications for maintenance .............................................................................................................................................................24

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................24

8.2 Maintainability and downtime ...............................................................................................................................................25

8.3 Maintenance strategies .................................................................................................................................................................25

9 KPIs of availability for reporting ......................................................................................................................................................26

9.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................26

9.2 PCC plant capacity availability and product CO producibility ..................................................................27

9.3 Schedule compliance ......................................................................................................................................................................29

9.4 Time availability .................................................................................................................................................................................30

9.5 On-stream factor .................................................................................................................................................................................31

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)

Annex A (informative) Detailed evaluation procedure to assure and maintain stable

performance of a post-combustion CO capture plant ..............................................................................................33

Annex B (informative) The reference plant and its component experience ............................................................41

Annex C (informative) Technology Qualification ..................................................................................................................................47

Annex D (informative) Classification of influences for PCC plant capacity availability and

Product CO producibility in Clause 9 .........................................................................................................................................48

Annex E (informative) PCC plant achievability .......................................................................................................................................50

Annex F (informative) Calculation example of each KPI ...............................................................................................................52

Annex G (Informative) Map of key issues and items to be checked relating the performance

requirement ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................57

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................61

iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following

URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC265, Carbon dioxide capture, transportation,

and geological storage.
A list of all parts in the ISO 27919 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
Introduction

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO ) emissions must be reduced to meet climate change mitigation

targets. Including carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) in current emission reduction approaches

increases the probability of meeting these targets at the lowest cost to the global economy. CO capture

from gases produced by combustion of carbonaceous fuels is the only technology capable of dealing

directly with emissions from power plants and other industrial sectors, such as cement manufacture

and fertilizer production.

This document is the second in a series of standards for post-combustion CO capture (PCC) from a

power plant using a liquid-based chemical absorption process. Building on ISO 27919-1 on evaluation

of key performance indicators (KPIs), this document provides an evaluation procedure to assure and

maintain reliable performance of a PCC plant integrated with a power plant. New or revised standards

focusing on other CO capture technologies and approaches will be developed later.

PCC is applicable to all combustion-based thermal power plants. A simplified block diagram illustrating

the PCC process is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Simplified block diagram of PCC

In a typical power generation facility, carbonaceous fuel (e.g. coal, oil, gas, biomass) is combusted

with air in a boiler to raise steam. The steam drives a turbine or generator to produce power. In a gas-

turbine combined-cycle system, the combustion in the gas turbine drives power generation, while

steam generated through a heat-recovery steam generator produces additional power. Flue gas from the

boiler or gas turbine consists mostly of N , CO , H O and O , with smaller amounts of other compounds

2 2 2 2

depending on the fuel used. The PCC process is located downstream of conventional pollutant controls.

Chemical-absorption-based PCC usually requires steam to be extracted from the power plant’s steam

cycle or the use of lower-grade heat sources for absorption liquid regeneration, depending on the

absorption liquid and process employed.

The economic and environmental value of a PCC plant is determined by its technical performance, as

well as its ability to achieve and maintain stable operation as required by its owners/stakeholders, as

follows:

— The owner of the flue gas source has an interest in sustained CO -emission reductions.

— The owner of the CO -product has an interest being able to supply CO at the desired rate regardless

2 2
of external conditions.
vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)

The CO receiver has an interest in CO -product availability for its own operations.

2 2

Thus, this document describes a procedure that combines technology item evaluation procedure with

reliability, availability, and in some cases maintainability evaluation methods.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved vii
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
Carbon dioxide capture —
Part 2:
Evaluation procedure to assure and maintain stable
performance of post-combustion CO2 capture plant
integrated with a power plant
1 Scope

This document provides definitions, guidelines and supporting information for evaluating and

reporting (with respect to the basic design items ongoing, and the operational results of a reference

plant or unit as feedback) to ensure the (designed) performance of a PCC plant integrated with a host

power plant. The PCC plant separates CO from the power plant flue gas in preparation for subsequent

transportation and geological storage. The physical system being addressed is a single power plant,

with an optional auxiliary unit to provide thermal energy required for the PCC plant, and a single PCC

plant as described in ISO 27919-1.

The formulas and methods to assure and maintain reliable performance, presented in this document,

describe issues addressed during the design and construction phases and practices that document

reliability and availability during routine operation. These practices would also guide ongoing

maintenance programs.

This document does not provide guidelines for benchmark, comparison or assessment studies for PCC

plant operations using different capture technologies (i.e. absorbents), nor does it specify appropriate

operating conditions such as temperature etc.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
administrative delay
delay to maintenance incurred for administrative reasons

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192 (192-7-12), modified -“maintenance action” was changed to “maintenance”]

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
3.1.2
availability

ability of a PCC plant (3.1.20) integrated with the power plant to be in a state to perform as required

under given conditions at a given instant of time or over a given time interval, assuming that the

required external resources are provided
3.1.3
corrective maintenance
maintenance carried out after fault detection to effect restoration

Note 1 to entry: Corrective maintenance of items disrupts the plant availability.

3.1.4
derating/derated
difference between the maximum and the dependable one, or such a condition

Note 1 to entry: For derated hours, it means operating time with the rated output lowered.

3.1.5
downtime

time interval for which the item (3.1.9) is in a state of being unable to perform as required due to

internal faults, or preventive maintenance (3.1.24)
Note 1 to entry: unavailable time
3.1.6
emergency operation
type of sudden shut-down (3.1.36) operation to protect hardware from damage
3.1.7
external influence
critical subjects occurring outside the PCC plant (3.1.21) evaluation boundary
3.1.8
failure mechanism
process that leads to failure

Note 1 to entry: The process may be physical, chemical, logical, or a combination thereof.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192 (192-03-12)]
3.1.9
item
subject being considered

Note 1 to entry: An item may be an individual part, component, device, functional or process unit, equipment,

subsystem, or system, related with technology.

Note 2 to entry: An item may consist of hardware, software, people or any combination thereof.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192 (192-01-01), modified – “functional unit” was changed to “functional or

process unit” and “system” was changed to “related with technology” in Note1. Note3 through Note 5

were deleted.]
3.1.10
logistic delay

delay, excluding administrative delay (3.1.1), incurred for the provision of resources needed for a

maintenance (3.1.12) action to proceed or continue
[SOURCE: ISO 20815:2018, 3.1.24]
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
3.1.11
maintainability

ability to be retained in, or restored to, a state in which the required function can be performed under

given conditions
3.1.12
maintenance

combination of all technical and management actions intended to retain an item (3.1.9) in, or restore it

to, a state in which it can perform as required
Note 1 to entry: Management is assumed to include supervision activities.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-06-01]
3.1.13
mean downtime
MDT
average of the downtime (3.1.5)
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-08-10]
3.1.14
mean time between failures
MTBF

average time between failures that initiate a forced outage (3.1.20), i.e. the quotient of attempted

operating hours to the number of forced outages (3.1.20)
3.1.15
meantime between maintenance
MTBM

average time between maintenance (3.1.12), i.e. the quotient of attempted operating hours to the

number of maintenance (3.1.12)
3.1.16
mission time
duration of the mission

Note 1 to entry: Mission is the state that the equipment or system is 100 % operational.

[SOURCE: ISO 10438-1:2007, 3.1.19]
3.1.17
nominal product CO capacity

highest continuous flow rate of delivering captured CO under typical representative conditions defined

by the plant operator
3.1.18
normal operation

operation where the product CO is exported to the transporting system maintaining the required

performance based on ISO 27919-1
3.1.19
on-stream factor
OSF

ratio of the summation of all on-stream time to the reference period (3.1.31), with both expressed as

hours
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 3
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ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
3.1.20
outage

time interval for which the item (3.1.9) is in a state of being unable to perform as required, for any

reason

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-02-19, modified – “a disabled state” was changed to “a state of being

unable to perform as required, for any reason”]
3.1.21
PCC plant
process and associated equipment that produces a CO stream from combustion gases
[SOURCE: ISO 27919-1:2018, 3.1.26]
3.1.22
PCC plant capacity availability
PCA

availability (3.1.2) of PCC plant (3.1.21) from a perspective of product CO2 amount (3.1.26) during a

reference period (3.1.31)
Note 1 to entry: It is mathematically defined by Formula (3).
3.1.23
PCC plant load

ratio of the product CO2 capacity (3.1.27)’ in operation to the ‘nominal product CO2 capacity’ (3.1.17)

3.1.24
preventive maintenance

maintenance (3.1.12) carried out in accordance with an established time schedule and performed

according to a prescribed criterion

Note 1 to entry: See also condition-based maintenance (192-06-07), and scheduled maintenance (192-06-12).

[SOURCE: ISO 23815-1]
3.1.25
project cycle

series of phases of which a project consists, e.g. basic design, engineering, manufacturing, commissioning

and operation
3.1.26
product CO amount
volume, moles or mass of CO resulting from the PCC process
3.1.27
product CO capacity
total flow rate of the captured CO exported
Note 1 to entry: It is generally expressed as product CO amount per hour.
3.1.28
product CO producibility
PCPB

ratio of the product CO2 amount (3.1.26) produced to the nominal product CO2 capacity (3.1.17)

accumulated during the reference period (3.1.31)
3.1.29
proven technology element
element with low or acceptable uncertainty levels
4 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
3.1.30
redundancy

item (3.1.9) where an equivalent unit can be put online to provide the same function if the item (3.1.9)

fail to provide the service

Note 1 to entry: Redundancy is related to a strategy of design, where a spare system or component is provided

so that, even if one item fails, the spare system or component will operate in place of the deficient item such that

plant performance is not affected.
3.1.31
reference period

period of time between an initial time and an end time over which all historical or projected performance

metrics are measured or projected
Note 1 to entry: Reference period is equivalent to period hours.
3.1.32
reliability

measure of the probability of success for an operation and, the ability of each item (3.1.9) to perform its

intended function as needed in an assembled PCC plant (3.1.20) during a given time interval within the

designed conditions without failure
3.1.33
reliable performance
ability of a PCC plant (3.1.21) to function reliably as required
3.1.34
schedule compliance

ratio of the product CO2 amount (3.1.26) produced to the scheduled CO product amount requirement

met (historical) or to be met (projected) by the PCC plant (3.1.21) within a given time period

3.1.35
service hours

accumulated period of time during stand-by and normal operation (3.1.18) including start-up (3.1.39)

and shut-down (3.1.36) in between
[SOURCE: ISO 3977-9:1999, 3.98]
3.1.36
shut-down

event during which all required function of a PCC plant (3.1.21), and its equipment, is brought from an

operating state to a stoppage state under the control of a programmed sequence
3.1.37
stand-by state
non-operating up state ready to start
3.1.38
starting reliability

probability of successful start-up (3.1.39) when the PCC plant (3.1.21) is on stream within a specified

period
3.1.39
start-up

act of getting a PCC plant (3.1.21) and its equipment from a stoppage state ready to activate its items

(3.1.9) to an operating state
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 5
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ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
3.1.40
technical delay

accumulated time necessary to perform auxiliary technical actions associated with the maintenance

(3.1.12) action itself
3.1.41
time availability

ratio of the subtraction of the summation of each element of the PCC plant (3.1.21) unavailable time

from the reference period (3.1.31) to the reference period (3.1.31)

Note 1 to entry: An available time is calculated by subtraction of the unavailable time from reference period.

3.1.42
time reliability

ratio of the subtraction of PCC plant (3.1.21) unavailable time from the time between preventative

maintenance (3.1.12) to the time between preventative maintenance (3.1.12)
3.1.43
unavailability

PCC plant (3.1.21) is not in a state to perform as required due to an internal faults or preventive

maintenance (3.1.24)
3.1.44
uptime

time interval during which a PCC plant (3.1.21) is in a state of being able to perform as required

Note 1 to entry: Absence of necessary external resources may prevent operation but does not affect.

Note 2 to entry: Available time.
3.2 Abbreviations
CCS carbon dioxide capture and storage
DSS daily start-up and stop
EHS environment, health and safety
KPIs key performance indicators
MDT mean downtime
MR mission reliability
MTBF mean time between failure
MTPM mean time to preventive maintenance
MTTR mean time to repair
NC nominal product CO capacity
NPC nominal product CO
OSF on-stream factor
OST summation of each element of on-stream time
6 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 27919-2:2021(E)
PCA PCC plant capacity availability
PCC post-combustion CO capture
PCP product CO produced
PCPB product CO producibility
PCNP product CO not produced
RAM reliability, availability and maintainability
RP reference period
SC schedule compliance
SPC scheduled product CO
SR starting reliability
TA time availability
TQ technology qualification
TR time reliability
UT unavailable time
3.3 Symbols
n number of forced outages;
n number of failures to start-up;
n number of start
...

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ISO 27919-1:2018(Main)
Carbon dioxide capture

This document specifies methods for measuring, evaluating and reporting the performance of post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) integrated with a power plant, and which separates CO2 from the power plant flue gas in preparation for subsequent transportation and geological storage. In particular, it provides a common methodology to calculate specific key performance indicators for the PCC plant, requiring the definition of the boundaries of a typical system and the measurements needed to determine the KPIs. This document covers thermal power plants burning carbonaceous fuels, such as coal, oil, natural gas and biomass-derived fuels, which are producing CO2 from boilers or gas turbines, and are integrated with CO2 capture. The PCC technologies covered by this document are those based on chemical absorption using reactive liquids, such as aqueous amine solutions, potassium carbonate solutions, and aqueous ammonia. Other PCC concepts based on different principles (e.g. adsorption, membranes, cryogenic) are not covered. The PCC plant can be installed for treatment of the full volume of flue gas from the power plant or a fraction of the total (i.e. a slip stream). Captured CO2 is processed in a compression or liquefaction step as determined by the conditions for transportation and storage. The KPIs considered in this document are the following: a) Specific thermal energy consumption (STEC); b) Specific electrical energy consumption (SEC); c) Specific equivalent electrical energy consumption (SEEC); d) Specific reduction in CO2 emissions (SRCE); e) Specific absorbent consumption (SAC) and specific chemical consumption (SCC). The calculations are based on measurements at the boundaries of the considered system, particularly of energy and utilities consumption. The integrated system includes the definition of interfaces between the PCC plant and the power plant. This document includes the following items: — The system boundary which defines the boundaries of the PCC plant and identifies which streams of energy and mass are crossing these boundaries to help power plant operators identify the key streams that are applicable for their particular case. — Basic PCC plant performance which defines the parameters that describe the basic performance of the PCC plant. — Definition of utilities and consumption calculation which lists the utility measurements required and provides guidance on how to convert utility measurements into the values required for the KPIs. — Guiding principles - Basis for PCC plant performance assessment which describes all guidelines to prepare, set-up and conduct the tests. — Instruments and measurement methods which lists the standards available for the relevant measurements and considerations to take into account when applying measurement methods to PCC plants. — Evaluation of key performance indicators which specifies the set of KPIs to be determined and their calculation methods to provide a common way of reporting them. This document does not provide guidelines for benchmarking, comparing or assessing KPIs of different technologies or different PCC projects. NOTE For the purposes of this document, thermal energy and electric energy are expressed by the unit of "J" (Joule) and "Wh" (Watt hour) respectively unless otherwise noted, with a prefix of International System of Units (SI) if necessary. (1 J = 1 W·s, 1 Wh = 1 W·h = 3 600 J).

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ISO
ISO/TR 27918:2018(Main)
Lifecycle risk management for integrated CCS projects

ISO/TR 27918:2018 is designed to be an information resource for the potential future development of a standard for overall risk management for CCS projects. The risks associated with any one stage of the CCS process (capture, transportation, or storage) are assumed to be covered by specific standard(s) within ISO/TC 265 and other national and/or international standards. For example, the risks associated with CO2 transport by pipelines are covered in ISO 27913. The scope of this document is intended to address more broadly applicable lifecycle risk management issues for integrated CCS projects. Specifically, the focus of this document is on risks that affect the overarching CCS project or risks that cut across capture, transportation, and storage affecting multiple stages. It needs to be noted that environmental risks, and risks to health and safety should be very low for CCS projects provided the project is carefully designed and executed. Risk identification and management is part of the due diligence process. A list of acronyms is included in Annex A. Clause 5 includes an analysis of how a CCS standard could address aspects of risk analysis that apply to all elements of the CCS chain, such as: - risk identification (identifying the source of risk, event, and target of impact)[1]; - risk evaluation and rating; - risk treatment; - risk management strategy and reporting. Clause 6 comprises an inventory of the overarching and crosscutting risks. These include issues such as: - environmental impact assessment; - risk communication and public engagement; - integration risks between capture, storage, and transportation operators, such as risk of non-conformance of CO2 stream to required specifications; - integration risks associated with shared infrastructure (hubs of sources, common pipelines, hubs of storage sites); - risks resulting from interruption or intermittency of CO2 supply and/or CO2 in-take; - risks associated with policy uncertainty; - incidental risks from activities related to the capture, transportation or storage processes without being specifically covered in the respective standards (e.g. management or disposal of water produced as a by-product of CO2 storage). Clause 7 describes implications and considerations for a potential standard on lifecycle risks for integrated CCS projects. [1]As defined in ISO 31000.

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ISO
ISO 27917:2017(Main)
Carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological storage -- Vocabulary -- Cross cutting terms

ISO 27917:2017 defines a list of cross-cutting terms commonly used in the field of carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological sub-surface storage including through storage in association with enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations. ISO 27917:2017 only deals with CO2 geological sub-surface storage. The terms are classified as follows: - general terms and definitions relating to carbon dioxide; - general terms and definitions relating to carbon dioxide capture, transportation and storage; - general terms and definitions relating to monitoring and measuring performance in carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological storage; - general terms and definitions relating to risk; - general terms and definitions relating to relationships with stakeholders; A list of the main acronyms used is given in Annex A.

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ISO
ISO 27914:2017(Main)
Carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological storage -- Geological storage

ISO 27914:2017 a) establishes requirements and recommendations for the geological storage of CO2 streams, the purpose of which is to promote commercial, safe, long-term containment of carbon dioxide in a way that minimizes risk to the environment, natural resources, and human health, b) is applicable for both onshore and offshore geological storage within permeable and porous geological strata including hydrocarbon reservoirs where a CO2 stream is not being injected for the purpose of hydrocarbon production or for storage in association with CO2-EOR, c) includes activities associated with site screening and selection, characterization, design and development, operation of storage sites, and preparation for site closure, d) recognizes that site selection and management are unique for each project and that intrinsic technical risk and uncertainty will be dealt with on a site-specific basis, e) acknowledges that permitting and approval by regulatory authorities will be required throughout the project life cycle, including the closure period, although the permitting process is not included in ISO 27914:2017, f) provides requirements and recommendations for the development of management systems, community and other stakeholder engagement, risk assessment, risk management and risk communication, g) does not apply to, modify, interpret, or supersede any national or international regulations, treaties, protocols or instruments otherwise applicable to the activities addressed in ISO 27914:2017, and h) does not apply to or modify any property rights or interests in the surface or the subsurface (including mineral rights), or any pre-existing commercial contract or arrangement relating to such property. The life cycle of a CO2 geological storage project covers all aspects, periods, and stages of the project, from those that lead to the start of the project (including site screening, selection, characterization, assessment, engineering, permitting, and construction), through the start of injection and proceeding through subsequent operations until cessation of injection and culminating in the post-injection period, which includes a closure period. Figure 1 illustrates the limits of ISO 27914:2017.

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ISO
ISO/TR 27915:2017(Main)
Carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological storage -- Quantification and verification

ISO/TR 27915:2017 presents a review of publicly available literature identifying materially relevant issues and options relating to "good practices" for quantifying and verifying GHG emissions and reductions at the project level. Its scope covers all components of the CCS chain (e.g. capture, transport, storage) and includes a lifecycle assessment approach to estimating project level emissions and emission reductions from project assessment, construction and operations, through to completion and post-closure activities. This document considers the following at the project level: - a variety of Q&V related boundaries applicable to all components of a CCS project; - the composition of the CO2 stream, including its purity, and requirements for measuring and verifying the physical and chemical state of the CO2 stream in CCS projects; - identification and quantification of GHG emissions and reductions across integrated CCS components; - monitoring objectives, methodologies, and sampling strategies, including locations, periods, and frequencies; - GHG data collection and reporting; - verifying GHG expectations with agreed verification criteria; - life cycle assessment (LCA) of CCS projects.

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ISO
ISO 27913:2016(Main)
Carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological storage -- Pipeline transportation systems

ISO 27913:2016 specifies additional requirements and recommendations not covered in existing pipeline standards for the transportation of CO2 streams from the capture site to the storage facility where it is primarily stored in a geological formation or used for other purposes (e.g. for EOR or CO2 use). ISO 27913:2016 applies to - rigid metallic pipelines, - pipeline systems, - onshore and offshore pipelines for the transportation of CO2 streams, - conversion of existing pipelines for the transportation of CO2 streams, - pipeline transportation of CO2 streams for storage or utilization, and - transportation of CO2 in the gaseous and dense phases. The system boundary (see Figure 1) between capture and transportation is the point at the inlet valve of the pipeline, where the composition, temperature and pressure of the CO2 stream is within a certain specified range by the capture process or processes to meet the requirements for transportation as described in this document. The boundary between transportation and storage is the point where the CO2 stream leaves the transportation pipeline infrastructure and enters the storage infrastructure. ISO 27913:2016 also includes aspects of CO2 stream quality assurance, as well as converging CO2 streams from different sources. Health, safety and environment aspects specific to CO2 transport and monitoring are considered.

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ISO
ISO/TR 27912:2016(Main)
Carbon dioxide capture -- Carbon dioxide capture systems, technologies and processes

ISO/TR 27912:2016 describes the principles and information necessary to clarify the CO2 capture system and provide stakeholders with the guidance and knowledge necessary for the development of a series of standards for CO2 capture. This Technical Report also covers technologies, equipment and processes specific to CO2 capture from the viewpoints of the international standardization for the implementation of CCS. The purpose of this Technical Report is to provide guidance for the development of an ISO document related to CO2 capture as part of a CCS chain. This Technical Report covers CO2 capture systems applicable to CO2 emission sources and their respective boundaries, as well as capture technologies, equipment and processes. In addition, it can be used for the development of International Standards under TC 265. The following issues are to be excluded from this Technical Report: - industrial use of CO2; - compression of CO2 (not described in detail); - terminologies not used in this Technical Report.

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