ISO 13601:1998

Technical energy systems — Structure for analysis — Energyware supply and demand sectors

Systèmes d'énergie technique — Structure d'analyse — Secteurs de fourniture d'énergie et de demande en énergie

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 10-Jun-1998
• Withdrawal Date: 10-Jun-1998
• ICS: 27.010 - Energy and heat transfer engineering in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 203 - Technical energy systems
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 203 - Technical energy systems
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 10-Dec-2014

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13601
First edition
1998-06-15
Technical energy systems — Structure for
analysis — Energyware supply and demand
sectors
Systèmes d'énergie technique — Structure d'analyse — Secteurs de
fourniture d'énergie et de demande en énergie
A
Reference number
ISO 13601:1998(E)

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ISO 13601:1998(E)
Contents Page
1  Scope. 1
2  Normative reference. 1
3  Structure of energyware supply and demand sectors . 1
Annex A: Economic activities in the subsectors
of the technosphere. 22
Annex B: Different types of technical energy systems from a
methodological viewpoint . 32
Annex C Examples of natural resources, typical releases,
exploitative impacts and depletion for different energywares . 35
©  ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet [e-mail]
Printed in Switzerland
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 13601 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 203, Technical energy systems.
Annex A forms an integral part of ISO 13601. Annexes B and C are for
information only.
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Introduction
The International Standards of the 13600 series are intended to be used as
tools to define, describe, analyse and compare technical energy systems at
the micro and macro levels. The use of these tools provides an objective
basis for discussion on energy options in the technical, environmental and
social contexts and thus help consensus-building and decision-making.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD  ISO ISO 13601:1998(E)
Technical energy systems — Structure for analysis — Energyware
supply and demand sectors
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a structure that shall be used to describe and analyse technical energy
systems. It defines subsectors of the energyware supply and demand sectors, and furthermore defines a model
structure for each subsector. This provides a set of standardized modules, according to which all data shall be
organized and presented. The structure serves the same purpose in studies of technical energy systems as an
accounting code plan does in bookkeeping. It is principally aligned with the structure of official international statistics
(ISIC) in order to facilitate data aquisition.
The use of this structure facilitates the comparison betweeen different studies of technical energy systems and
permits partial results of one study to be used in other studies.
2 Normative reference
The following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the
standard. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties
to agreements based on ISO 13601 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition
of the standard indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International
Standards.
ISO 13600:1997, Technical energy systems — Basic concepts.
3 Structure of energyware supply and demand sectors
3.1 General
According to ISO 13600, the technosphere is divided in two sectors: the energyware supply sector and the
energyware demand sector. Further division into subsectors is shown in Figure 1. See also Annex A.
A technical energy system can cut across many subsectors (see Annex B). When describing such systems, they
shall be subdivided according to subsectors. Each part of such a technical energy system, falling in a particular
subsector, shall be consolidated and presented separately before proceeding to a final total consolidation.
A technical energy system normally contains a large number of interacting components, as outlined in Figure 2.
The actual structure of interacting components shall be simplified by successive consolidation into standardized
model boxes, which together define the model structure of the subsector. Further consolidation of these model
boxes results in the subsector consolidated box.
The main input to one model box is either a natural resource or the output from the preceding model box. Each
model box also has inputs of ancillary materials, including energyware and services. Other inputs are capital goods,
e.g. construction materials and investment goods, labour and land.
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Land surfaces which are occupied by buildings or covered by pavement, asphalt or similar surface hardeners shall
be considered to have been incorporated in the technosphere. Other land surfaces shall be considered as parts of
nature. In many cases, such land is affected by exploitative impacts and releases. Examples are gardens, parks
and agricultural land.
In addition to the main output, there are by-products both from normal operation and from decommissioning of the
technical energy systems themselves. Some by-products, referred to as waste, are inputs to the waste handling and
processing subsector, which produces reclaimable resources and release.
Transportation shall be dealt with separately, and related to the actual flow. Inputs to this activity are energywares
for the propulsion, ancillary materials of different kinds, including services from the transport infrastructure
subsector, and capital goods represented by vehicles and craft.
NOTE  The lines from the transport infrastructure subsector to the other subsectors symbolize the resources expended in the
transport infrastructure subsector and shall be accounted for as overhead in each of the other subsectors.
Figure 1 — Subsectors of the energyware supply and demand sectors divided according
to economic activity
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Figure 2 — Relationship between technical energy systems, model structure and consolidated
subsectors — Successive consolidation
Dedicated transport systems, such as pipelines, and transmission and distribution networks, shall be included in
their respective subsectors.
Transport between two subsectors, including empty trips, shall be accounted for in the sending subsector.
Services given by the transport infrastructure subsector shall be accounted for as overhead to identified transport.
Resources expended in exploration, which precedes investment in mining, quarrying and extraction facilities,
whether producing useful results or not, shall be accounted for as an overhead.
Construction activity connected to investment shall be included in the relevant model box.
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3.2 Simplified presentation of model boxes
The model structure of technical energy systems shall be described by the formalized input-output model given in
ISO 13600. For simplicity, however, two of the three inputs; ancillary inputs and other production factors, are in the
following presentation combined into one, denoted with an asterisk (*). In the energyware demand sector,
energyware normally appears among the ancillary inputs. See Figure 3.
Figure 3 — Simplified presentation of model boxes
3.3 Energyware supply sector (see also Annex C)
3.3.1 Energy coal subsector
3.3.1.1 General
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the energy coal subsector, which
includes lignite, consists of three model boxes: mining, processing and transportation (see Figure 4).
The processing stage includes production of coal briquettes.
Figure 4 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the energy coal subsector
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3.3.1.2 Inputs
Coal in the seam shall be regarded as a natural resource, but once excavated as an energyware.
The main input materials to the different model boxes are:
 coal seam to mining
 excavated raw coal to processing (mainly sorting and washing)
 energy coal to transportation.
3.3.1.3 Outputs
The main output from one model box is the main input to the next. The consolidated main output from this subsector
is energy coal, in some cases in the form of briquettes, delivered to receivers in other subsectors.
By-products may be created during coal mining and processing.
A release formed in this subsector is the contaminant of water used in washing the excavated raw coal.
3.3.2 Biomass and energy peat subsector
3.3.2.1 General
This subsector comprises of harvesting or production of:
 energy peat;
 commercial firewood;
 other biomass as defined in ISO 13600;
 charcoal;
 motor alcohols derived from biomass;
 fuels derived from vegetable and animal oils.
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the biomass and energy peat
subsector consists of four model boxes: cultivation and harvesting; transportation; processing; and transportation,
storage and distribution (see Figure 5).
On-site processing takes place in the cultivation and harvesting model box.
Drying of biomass and energy peat may take place in the cultivation and harvesting box and in the processing box.
3.3.2.2 Inputs
Trees, bushes, sticklings and peat, before harvesting and processing, shall be regarded as natural resources, but
after that as energywares.
The main input materials to the different model boxes are:
 growing biomass or peat to cultivation and harvesting;
 harvested biomass or peat to transportation and processing;
 processed and dried biomass or peat to transportation, storage, handling and distribution.
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Figure 5 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the biomass and energy peat subsector
3.3.2.3 Outputs
The consolidated main output from this subsector is processed and often partly dried biomass delivered to receivers
in other subsectors.
By-products may be created during cultivation and harvesting and processing.
Cultivation and harvesting comprise intended releases such as fertilizers and pesticides and intended exploitative
impacts such as draining.
Releases to note in this subsector are the contaminants of soil, surface and ground water; and pollutants such as
air dust.
3.3.3 Crude oil subsector
3.3.3.1 General
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the oil extraction subsector consists
of two model boxes: production, including crude oil pumping and separation of gases and water, and transportation,
storage and handling (see Figure 6).
3.3.3.2 Inputs
Oil in the ground, unextracted, shall be regarded as a natural resource, and is main input material to the production
model box.
The main input material to the transportation, storage and handling model box is crude oil.
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Figure 6 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the crude oil subsector
3.3.3.3 Outputs
The consolidated main output from this subsector is crude oil, delivered to receivers in other subsectors, mostly oil
refineries.
By-products, mainly hydrocarbon gases, may be obtained from the oil extraction subsector.
The environmental load comprises:
 depletion: ultimately restricted resource base;
 exploitative impact: normally of relatively limited significance;
 release: oil spill and gaseous emissions.
3.3.4 Petroleum refineries subsector
3.3.4.1 General
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the petroleum refineries subsector
consists of two model boxes: processing (refining) including storage of crude oil and oil products; and
transportation, storage, handling and distribution (see Figure 7).
3.3.4.2 Inputs
The main input to the different model boxes are:
 crude oil to processing (refining) and
 oil products to transportation, storage, handling, and distribution.
3.3.4.3 Outputs
The consolidated main output from this subsector are petroleum products delivered to receivers in other subsectors.
By-products, for example petroleum coke, refinery gases and district heat, are obtained during oil refineries
processing.
Examples of releases are oil spills and gaseous emissions.
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Figure 7 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the petroleum refineries subsector
3.3.5 Natural gas subsector
3.3.5.1 General
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the natural gas subsector consists of
four model boxes: production; transportation, storage and handling; preparation; and distribution (see Figure 8).
Figure 8 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the natural gas subsector
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3.3.5.2 Inputs
Natural gas in the ground, unextracted, shall be regarded as a natural resource.
The main input material to the different model boxes are:
 natural gas to production;
 liquefied or compressed natural gas to transportation, storage and handling and to preparation;
 compressed, and sometimes odorized, natural gas to the distribution gas grid.
3.3.5.3 Outputs
The main output from the preparation model box is natural gas, which may be odorized.
The consolidated main output from this subsector is compressed natural gas, delivered to receivers in other
subsectors.
By-products, mainly helium and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), may be obtained from the natural gas production.
The low temperature of liquified natural gas (LNG) may be used to produce by-products such as oxygen, nitrogen or
even grid electricity.
One exploitative impact can be a change in the geological structure.
The main release is methane leaked into the atmosphere. The quantity of this release depends on the integrity of
the pipeline system.
Another release may be carbon dioxide or other gases emitted during production.
3.3.6 Converted gas subsector
3.3.6.1 General
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the converted gas subsector
consists of four model boxes: transformation; transportation, storage and handling; preparation; and distribution
(see Figure 9).
3.3.6.2 Inputs
The main input materials to the transformation model box are:
 oil products from the petroleum refineries subsector;
 energy coal from the energy coal subsector. Gas from integrated coking plants in the iron and steel industry
shall be accounted for in the energyware demand sector;
 biomass from the biomass subsector or reclaimable resources from the energyware demand sector;
 natural gas.
The main input to the transportation, storage and handling, the preparation, and the distribution model boxes is the
converted gas produced in the transformation model box.
One input to the preparation model box may consist of products and by-products from other energyware
subsectors, mainly from the crude oil or petroleum refineries subsectors, but also from the biomass subsector.
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Figure 9 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the converted gas subsector
3.3.6.3 Outputs
The consolidated main output from this subsector is converted gas, normally a mixture of methane, carbon oxides
and hydrogen, and delivered to receivers in other subsectors.
By-products may be obtained from the transformation model box, for example coke, tar and charcoal.
The main release is gas leaked into the atmosphere.
3.3.7 Hydrogen subsector
3.3.7.1 General
Hydrogen is typically produced via two routes:
 energyware transformation from various petroleum fractions and natural gas by reforming;
 electrolysis of water using either grid electricity or direct input, e. g. photovoltaic cells.
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the hydrogen sub-sector consists of
three model boxes: energyware transformation or production; transportation, storage and handling; and distribution
(see Figure 10).
3.3.7.2 Inputs
The main input to the hydrogen transformation or production model box is water coming from nature and petroleum
fractions or natural gas.
The main input to the transportation, storage and handling, and distribution subsectors is liquified or compressed
hydrogen.
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Figure 10 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the hydrogen subsector
3.3.7.3 Outputs
The main output from one model box is the main input to the next. The main output from the transformation or
production, and the transportation, storage, and handling model boxes is liquified or compressed hydrogen.
By-products from the transformation model box are oxygen and/or carbon monoxide.
3.3.8 Uranium and thorium mining subsector
3.3.8.1 General
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the uranium and thorium mining
subsector consists of three model boxes: mining; processing and conversion; and transportation, storage and
handling (see Figure 11).
Figure 11 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the uranium and thorium mining subsector
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3.3.8.2 Inputs
Uranium and thorium in the mine deposit shall be regarded as natural resources.
The main input materials to the different model boxes are:
 uranium and thorium deposits to mining;
 excavated uranium and thorium ores to processing and conversion;
 uranium and thorium oxides to transportation, storage and handling.
3.3.8.3 Outputs
The consolidated main output from this subsector is uranium and thorium oxides delivered to receivers in other
subsectors.
A release to note in this subsector is the contaminant of water and soil, and large volumes of sludge in the mining
areas.
3.3.9 Grid electricity subsector
3.3.9.1 General
Grid electricity is generated via two routes:
a) transformation from energyware or reclaimable resources in thermal and nuclear power plants;
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems according to this route consists of the
following three model boxes:
 preparation, processing and storage;
 transformation or production;
 spent nuclear fuel storage and processing.
b) production directly from natural non-depletable resources such as hydro, solar, tidal, wind, geothermal, ocean-
thermal and salt gradients.
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems according to this route consists of the
following model box:
 energyware production.
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the distribution of grid electricity
consists of the following three model boxes:
 electricity grid;
 electricity storage;
 electricity distribution.
See figure 12.
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Figure 12 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the grid electricity subsector
3.3.9.2 Inputs
The main input materials to the different model boxes are:
 energyware from other subsectors or reclaimable resources to the preparation, processing and storage model
box;
 natural non-depletable resources to the energyware production model box;
 prepared and processed energyware to the energyware transformation or production model box;
 nuclear fuel elements used in the nuclear power plants to the spent nuclear fuel storage and processing model
box;
 electricity to the electricity grid, to electricity storage, and to electricity distribution model boxes.
3.3.9.3 Outputs
The consolidated main output from this subsector is grid electricity delivered to receivers in other subsectors.
By-products may appear from the preparation, processing and storage, energyware transformation and production,
and spent nuclear fuel storage and processing model boxes.
From thermal power plants the most significant releases are gaseous emissions, fly ash and heat.
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The nuclear fuel cycle produces radioactive substances which in principle are stored in the technosphere for a
certain time for radioactivity to decay. These substances shall be considered to be released to nature when
permanent storage sites are finally sealed. Releases of radioactive substances occur during normal operations
mainly from reactors and reprocessing plants.
Exploitative impacts are important, especially water level changes for hydroelectric and tidal plants and cooling
water requirements for thermal plants.
3.3.10 Commercial heat, district heating subsector
3.3.10.1 General
Similar to the case of the grid electricity subsector, district heat is generated by transformation of energyware or
reclaimable resources in conventional thermal and nuclear power plants, or by production directly from natural non-
depletable resources such as solar, geothermal, ambient heat in air, water and soil.
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the district heat subsector consists
of three model boxes: preparation, processing and storage; energyware transformation or production; and
distribution (see Figure 13).
3.3.10.2 Inputs
The main inputs are:
 energyware from other subsectors to the preparation, processing and storage model box;
 prepared and processed energyware or natural resources to the energyware transformation or production
model box;
 commercial heat to the distribution model box.
NOTE  Apart from grid electricity, by-products are not shown in this figure.
Figure 13 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the commercial heat, district heating subsector
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3.3.10.3 Outputs
The consolidated main output from this subsector is commercial heat, district heating delivered to receivers in other
subsectors.
By-products may appear from the preparation, processing and storage and energyware transformation or
production model boxes, in the latter case sometimes in the form of grid electricity.
The most important releases are gaseous emissions and fly ash.
3.4 Energyware demand sector
3.4.1 Mining, quarrying and extraction (except coal, oil, gas, energy peat, uranium, thorium)
3.4.1.1 General
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in each of the mining, quarrying and
extraction subsectors consists of three model boxes: mining, quarrying and extraction; processing; and
transportation, storage and handling (see Figure 14).
Figure 14 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the mining,
quarrying and extraction industries subsector
3.4.1.2 Inputs
The main input materials to the different model boxes are:
 ore to mining, quarrying or extraction, which implies a corresponding depletion of the resource;
 excavated materials to processing;
 processed materials to transportation, storage and handling.
3.4.1.3 Outputs
The consolidated main output from this subsector is processed materials delivered to receivers in other subsectors.
By-products may be obtained during mining, quarrying or extraction, and processing.
A release to note in this subsector is the contaminant of water used in washing the excavated ore.
Environmental impacts include holes in the ground, slag heaps and hydrology changes.
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3.4.2 Manufacturing subsectors
3.4.2.1 General
These subsectors are (see Annex A):
 Basic materials industry
 Intermediary goods industry
 Investment goods industry
 Construction materials industry
 Consumer goods industry
The model structure of the manufacturing industry subsectors that shall be used to describe technical energy
systems in the manufacturing subsectors consists of two model boxes: processing; and transportation, storage and
handling. See Figure 15.
Figure 15 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the manufacturing subsector
3.4.2.2 Inputs
The main input materials to the different model boxes are:
 products and services from other subsectors, such as processed materials, intermediary goods, reclaimable
resources and industrial products, to processing;
 products to transportation, storage and handling.
3.4.2.3 Outputs
The consolidated main outputs from these subsectors are industrial products delivered to receivers in other
subsectors.
By-products are obtained in many processing activities.
Examples of releases are gaseous emissions and liquid effluents.
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3.4.3 Biological industries subsector
3.4.3.1 General
This subsector includes:
 agriculture and animal husbandry (except energy crops);
 horticulture;
 forestry (except energy forest);
 fishing and hunting;
 aquaculture.
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the biological industries subsector
consists of the following four model boxes:
 keeping, hunting or catching of animals or cultivation and harvesting of plants;
 transportation, storage and handling of unprocessed biological products;
 processing;
 transportation, storage and handling of processed biological products.
See Figure 16.
On-site processing may take place in the cultivation and harvesting model box.
Drying may take place both in the cultivation and harvesting model box and in the processing model box.
Packaging may take place in any one or more of the model boxes.
Figure 16 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the biological industries subsector
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3.4.3.2 Inputs
The main inputs to the different model boxes are:
 plants, animals, land and water to husbandry, hunting, catching, cultivation or harvesting;
 unprocessed biological products to transportation, storage and handling, and to processing;
 processed biological products to transportation, storage and handling.
3.4.3.3 Outputs
The consolidated main output from this subsector is processed biological products to receivers in other subsectors.
By-products may be obtained during husbandry, hunting, catching, cultivation or harvesting and processing.
In this subsector there are intended releases, such as fertilizers and pesticides, and intended exploitative impact,
such as draining.
Another exploitative impact is the change in composition of the biosphere.
3.4.4 Residential subsector
3.4.4.1 General
The residential subsector provides accommodation and transportation services and covers every activity in the
household, including those related to buildings and private transportation equipment.
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the residential subsector consists of
three model boxes: residential buildings; private transportation; and transport of by-products. See Figure 17.
Figure 17 — Model structure of technical energy systems in the residential subsector
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3.4.4.2 Inputs
The main inputs to the different model boxes are:
 inputs from other subsectors to buildings in residential use and to private transportation;
 natural resources, e.g. solar radiation, private firewood, mushrooms, wild berries, locally grown garden
products;
 by-products, mostly waste, to transport of by-product.
3.4.4.3 Outputs
The consolidated main output from this subsector is services in the form of benefits to the users.
In this subsector there are intended releases, mainly food consumed by the users, and fertilizers and pesticides for
gardening.
3.4.5 Commercial and institutional subsector
3.4.5.1 General
The model structure that shall be used to describe technical energy systems in the commercial and institutional
subsector consists of two model boxes: commercial and institutional activities, and transportation and handling. See
Figure 18.
3.4.5.2 Inputs
The main inputs to the different model boxes are:
 products and services from other subsectors to commercial and institutional activities;
 products and services to transportation and handling.
3.4.5.3 Outputs
The consolidated main output from this subsector is products and services
...