Live working - Eye, face and head protectors against the effects of electric arc - Performance requirements and test methods (IEC 62819:2022)

This part of IEC 63275-1 gives a test method to evaluate gate threshold voltage shift of silicon carbide (SiC) power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) using room temperature readout after applying continuous positive gate-source voltage stress at elevated temperature. The proposed method accepts a certain amount of recovery by allowing large delay times between stress and measurement (up to 10h).

Arbeiten unter Spannung - Augen-, Gesichts- und Kopfschutz gegen die Auswirkungen eines Störlichtbogens - Anforderungen und Testmethoden (IEC 62819:2022)

Travaux sous tension - Protecteurs des yeux, du visage et de la tête contre les effets de l'arc électrique - Exigences de performances et méthode d'essai (IEC 62819:2022)

L'IEC 62819:2022 s’applique aux protecteurs oculaires, faciaux et crâniens utilisés au travail lorsqu’il existe un risque d’exposition à un risque d’arc électrique. Ces protecteurs se composent d’un ou de plusieurs dispositifs (par exemple, capuche, lunettes, cagoules, écrans faciaux, casques, etc.), qui peuvent devoir être combinés ensemble afin de protéger les yeux, le visage et la tête pour l’utilisation prévue. Le présent document couvre les exigences de performance pour les protecteurs et les dispositifs de protection uniques compte tenu des risques thermiques, optiques et mécaniques d’un arc électrique. Le produit couvert par le présent document peut avoir un impact sur l’environnement pendant certaines ou toutes les étapes de son cycle de vie. Ces impacts peuvent varier de légers à significatifs, être à court ou à long terme, et se produire au niveau mondial, régional ou local. Le présent document ne comprend pas d’exigences et de dispositions d’essai pour les fabricants du produit ni de recommandations aux utilisateurs du produit pour l’amélioration de l’environnement. Toutefois, toutes les parties intervenant dans sa conception, sa fabrication, son emballage, sa distribution, son utilisation, son entretien, sa réparation, sa réutilisation, sa valorisation et son élimination sont invitées à tenir compte des considérations environnementales. Les produits conçus et fabriqués conformément au présent document contribuent à la sécurité des utilisateurs à condition qu’ils soient utilisés par des personnes qualifiées, conformément aux méthodes de travail sûres et aux instructions d’utilisation.

Delo pod napetostjo - Ščitniki oči, obraza in glave pred učinki električnega obloka - Zahtevane lastnosti in preskusne metode (IEC 62819:2022)

Ta del standarda IEC 63275-1 določa preskusno metodo za ocenjevanje premika mejne vrednosti napetosti na vhodu za silicijev karbid (SiC) na polprevodniškem poljskem tranzistorju s kovinskim oksidom (MOSFET) z odčitavanjem sobne temperature po izvedbi stalne pozitivne napetostne obremenitve na vhodnem viru pri povišani temperaturi. Predlagana metoda dopušča določeno stopnjo obnove zaradi daljših zakasnitev med obremenitvijo in merjenjem (do 10 ur).

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
05-Jun-2023
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
01-Jun-2023
Due Date
06-Aug-2023
Completion Date
06-Jun-2023

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
01-julij-2023
Delo pod napetostjo - Ščitniki oči, obraza in glave pred učinki električnega obloka
- Zahtevane lastnosti in preskusne metode (IEC 62819:2022)
Live working - Eye, face and head protectors against the effects of electric arc -
Performance requirements and test methods (IEC 62819:2022)
Arbeiten unter Spannung - Augen-, Gesichts- und Kopfschutz gegen die Auswirkungen
eines Störlichtbogens - Anforderungen und Testmethoden (IEC 62819:2022)
Travaux sous tension - Protecteurs des yeux, du visage et de la tête contre les effets de
l'arc électrique - Exigences de performances et méthode d'essai (IEC 62819:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 62819:2023
ICS:
13.260 Varstvo pred električnim Protection against electric
udarom. Delo pod napetostjo shock. Live working
13.340.20 Varovalna oprema za glavo Head protective equipment
29.260.99 Druga električna oprema za Other electrical equipment for
delo v posebnih razmerah working in special conditions
SIST EN IEC 62819:2023 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023


EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 62819

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM May 2023
ICS 13.260; 29.240.99; 29.260.99

English Version
Live working - Eye, face and head protectors against the effects
of electric arc - Performance requirements and test methods
(IEC 62819:2022)
Travaux sous tension - Protecteurs des yeux, du visage et Arbeiten unter Spannung - Augen-, Gesichts- und
de la tête contre les effets de l'arc électrique - Exigences de Kopfschutz gegen die Auswirkungen eines Störlichtbogens
performances et méthode d'essai - Anforderungen und Testmethoden
(IEC 62819:2022) (IEC 62819:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2022-12-21. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Türkiye and the United Kingdom.


European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
 Ref. No. EN IEC 62819:2023 E

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
EN IEC 62819:2023 (E)
European foreword
The text of document 78/1397/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 62819, prepared by IEC/TC 78 "Live
working" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as
EN IEC 62819:2023.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2023-11-26
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2026-05-26
document have to be withdrawn
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CENELEC by the
European Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national committee. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62819:2022 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 60825-1:2014 NOTE Approved as EN 60825-1:2014 (not modified) + A11:2021
IEC 60895 NOTE Approved as EN IEC 60895
ISO 4007:2018 NOTE Approved as EN ISO 4007:2018 (not modified)
ISO 4869-1:2018 NOTE Approved as EN ISO 4869-1:2018 (not modified)
ISO 8980-1:2017 NOTE Approved as EN ISO 8980-1:2017 (not modified)
ISO 8980-2:2017 NOTE Approved as EN ISO 8980-2:2017 (not modified)
ISO/TR 11610:2004 NOTE Approved as CEN ISO/TR 11610:2004 (not modified)
ISO 19011:2018 NOTE Approved as EN ISO 19011:2018 (not modified)
ISO 21987:2017 NOTE Approved as EN ISO 21987:2017 (not modified)
ISO 18526-1:2020 NOTE Approved as EN ISO 18526-1:2020 (not modified)
ISO 18526-4:2020 NOTE Approved as EN ISO 18526-4:2020 (not modified)
2

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
EN IEC 62819:2023 (E)
Annex ZA
(normative)

Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1  Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod),
the relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2  Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available
here: www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60417 - Graphical symbols for use on equipment. - -
Index, survey and compilation of the
single sheets.
IEC 61318 2021 Live working - Methods for assessment of EN IEC 61318 2021
defects and verification of performance
applicable to tools, devices and
equipment
IEC 61477 2009 Live working - Minimum requirements for EN 61477 2009
the utilization of tools, devices and
equipment
- - + corrigendum Mar. 2010
IEC 61482-1-1 2019 Live working - Protective clothing against EN IEC 61482-1-1 2019
the thermal hazards of an electric arc -
Part 1-1: Test methods - Method 1:
Determination of the arc rating (ELIM,
ATPV and/or EBT) of clothing materials
and of protective clothing using an open
arc
IEC 61482-1-2 2014 Live working - Protective clothing against EN 61482-1-2 2014
the thermal hazards of an electric arc -
Part 1-2: Test methods - Method 2:
Determination of arc protection class of
material and clothing by using a
constrained and directed arc (box test)
IEC 61482-2 (mod) 2018 Live working - Protective clothing against EN 61482-2 2020
the thermal hazards of an electric arc -
Part 2: Requirements
ISO 3758 2012 Textiles - Care labelling code using EN ISO 3758 2012
symbols
ISO 15025 2016 Protective clothing - Protection against EN ISO 15025 2016
flame - Method of test for limited flame
spread
3

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
EN IEC 62819:2023 (E)
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
ISO 16321-1 2021 Eye and face protection for occupational EN ISO 16321-1 2022
use - Part 1: General requirements
ISO 16321-2 2021 Eye and face protection for occupational EN ISO 16321-2 2021
use - Part 2: Additional requirements for
protectors used during welding and
related techniques
ISO 16976 series Respiratory protective devices - Human - -
factors
ISO 18526-2 2020 Eye and face protection - Test methods - EN ISO 18526-2 2020
Part 2: Physical optical properties
ISO 18526-3 2020 Eye and face protection - Test methods - EN ISO 18526-3 2020
Part 3: Physical and mechanical
properties

4

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023




IEC 62819

®


Edition 1.0 2022-09




INTERNATIONAL



STANDARD




NORME



INTERNATIONALE
colour

inside










Live working – Eye, face and head protectors against the effects of electric arc –

Performance requirements and test methods




Travaux sous tension – Protecteurs des yeux, du visage et de la tête contre les

effets de l’arc electrique – Exigences de performances et méthodes d'essai

















INTERNATIONAL

ELECTROTECHNICAL

COMMISSION


COMMISSION

ELECTROTECHNIQUE


INTERNATIONALE




ICS 13.260; 29.240.99; 29.260.99 ISBN 978-2-8322-5690-9




Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.

Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
– 2 – IEC 62819:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms, definitions and symbols. 8
3.1 Terms and definitions . 8
3.2 Abbreviated terms, symbols and units . 15
4 Requirements . 15
4.1 General . 15
4.2 Design requirements . 15
4.3 Mechanical and optical requirements . 16
4.3.1 Mechanical and optical requirements for a device or the part of a device
covering eyes or face . 16
4.3.2 Mechanical requirements for a device or a part of a device other than
those protecting the eyes or face . 20
4.4 Arc thermal protection requirements . 20
4.4.1 General . 20
4.4.2 General requirements for protective devices or combination of devices . 21
4.4.3 Additional requirements for face shields . 21
4.4.4 Additional requirements for helmets . 21
4.4.5 Protection requirement of protectors protecting against an electric arc . 21
4.4.6 Other requirements for textile components. 22
4.4.7 Performance verification for exposed and not exposed accessories . 22
4.5 Marking . 23
4.6 Instructions for use . 24
5 Test procedures . 26
5.1 General . 26
5.2 Test against the effects of an electric arc . 26
5.2.1 Type tests . 26
5.2.2 Type testing method for the determination of the arc rating values
ATPV, EBT and/or ELIM . 26
5.2.3 Type testing method for the determination of the arc protection class . 32
5.2.4 Testing of protectors intended to provide 360° protection . 35
5.2.5 Additional tests for face shields allowing various wearing distances to
the face or different wearing distances associated with different helmets . 36
5.3 Test report . 37
5.4 Marking . 37
5.4.1 Visual inspection . 37
5.4.2 Durability of marking . 37
5.5 Instructions for use . 37
6 Method of assessment of defects and verification of performance applicable to
protectors having completed the production phase . 37
6.1 General . 37
6.2 Completeness and correctness of assembly . 38
6.3 Product finishing . 38
6.4 Functioning . 38
6.5 Optical properties . 38

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
IEC 62819:2022 © IEC 2022 – 3 –
6.6 Alternative means to test protectors against the effects of an electric arc
when the production phase has been completed . 38
6.7 Packaging and labelling . 38
7 Modifications . 38
Annex A (normative) Symbol: Protection against the thermal effect of the electric arc
(IEC 60417-6353:2016-02) . 39
Annex B (informative) Marking examples . 40
Annex C (informative) Use and maintenance . 42
C.1 Use . 42
C.2 Maintenance . 42
Annex D (normative) Chronological order of type tests . 43
Annex E (normative) Classification of defects . 45
Annex F (informative) Rationale for the classification of defects . 46
Bibliography . 47

Figure 1 – Reference points . 19
Figure 2 – Schematic view of test set-up, indicating vertical and horizontal positioning
of test head on top of mannequin with respect to arc electrodes for open-arc test . 29
Figure 3 – Test head with four calorimetric sensors for open-arc test . 30
Figure 4 – Test set-up: Schematic view of test set-up, indicating vertical and horizontal
positioning of test head on top of torso with respect to arc electrodes for box-test . 33
Figure 5 – Test head with four calorimetric sensors for the box-test . 34


Table 1 – LT classes . 17
Table 2 – Minimum of specimens mounted on a test head exposed to an arc from the
side and/or the back . 36
Table B.1 – Protective performance information . 41
Table D.1 – List of type tests . 43
Table E.1 – Classification of defects and associated requirements and tests . 45
Table F.1 – Justification for the type of defect . 46

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
– 4 – IEC 62819:2022 © IEC 2022
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________

LIVE WORKING – EYE, FACE AND HEAD PROTECTORS
AGAINST THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC ARC –
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as "IEC Publication(s)"). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 62819 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 78: Live working. It is an International
Standard.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
78/1397/FDIS 78/1399/RVD

Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
IEC 62819:2022 © IEC 2022 – 5 –
Terms defined in Clause 3 are given in italic print throughout this document.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it
contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
– 6 – IEC 62819:2022 © IEC 2022
INTRODUCTION
This document has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of IEC 61477 where
applicable.
The product covered by this document can have an impact on the environment during some or
all stages of its life cycle. These impacts can range from slight to significant, be short-term or
long-term, and occur at the global, regional or local level.
This document does not include requirements and test provisions for the manufacturers of the
product or recommendations to the users of the product for environmental improvement.
However, all parties intervening in its design, manufacture, packaging, distribution, use,
maintenance, repair, reuse, recovery and disposal are invited to take account of environmental
considerations.

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
IEC 62819:2022 © IEC 2022 – 7 –
LIVE WORKING – EYE, FACE AND HEAD PROTECTORS
AGAINST THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC ARC –
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS



1 Scope
This document is applicable to eye, face and head protectors used in work where there is a risk
of exposure to an electric arc hazard.
Such protectors consist of one or several devices (e.g. hood, goggles, balaclavas, face shields,
helmets, etc.), which might need to be combined together in order to give protection to eye,
face and head for the intended use.
This document covers the performance requirements for protectors and single protective
devices considering thermal, optical and mechanical hazards of an electric arc.
Because of the limitations of test apparatus at very high energy arcs, no arc rating above
2 2
4 100 kJ/m (100 cal/cm ) can be assigned to protectors.
This document does not cover protection against electric shock, noise, the consequences of
physical and mental shock and the toxic influences caused by an electric arc.
This document does not cover protectors for work intentionally using an electric arc, e.g. arc
welding, plasma torch.
This document does not cover face-screens for the reduction of an electric field inside
conductive clothing in accordance with IEC 60895.
Any other claims of the manufacturer for protection against other hazards to eye or face (e.g.
welding radiation, hazards occurring during fire-fighting) are outside the scope of the document.
Products designed and manufactured in accordance with this document contribute to the safety
of the users provided they are used by skilled persons, in accordance with safe methods of
work and the instructions for use.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60417, Graphical symbols for use on equipment (available at http://www.graphical-
symbols.info/equipment)
IEC 61318:2021, Live working – Methods for assessment of defects and verification of
performance applicable to tools, devices and equipment
IEC 61477:2009, Live working – Minimum requirements for the utilization of tools, devices and
equipment

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
– 8 – IEC 62819:2022 © IEC 2022
IEC 61482-1-1:2019, Live working – Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an
electric arc – Part 1-1: Test methods – Method 1: Determination of the arc rating (ELIM, ATPV
and/or EBT) of clothing materials and of protective clothing using an open arc
IEC 61482-1-2:2014, Live working – Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an
electric arc – Part 1-2: Test methods – Method 2: Determination of arc protection class of
material and clothing by using a constrained and directed arc (box test)
IEC 61482-2:2018, Live working – Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric
arc – Part 2: Requirements
ISO 3758:2012, Textiles – Care labelling code using symbols
ISO 15025:2016, Protective clothing – Protection against flame – Method of test for limited
flame spread
ISO 16321-1:2021, Eye and face protection for occupational use – Part 1: General requirements
ISO 16321-2:2021, Eye and face protection for occupational use – Part 2: Additional
requirements for protectors used during welding and related techniques
ISO 16976 (all parts), Respiratory protective devices – Human factors
ISO 18526-2:2020, Eye and face protection – Test methods – Part 2: Physical optical properties
ISO 18526-3:2020, Eye and face protection – Test methods – Part 3: Physical and mechanical
properties
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1.1
arc protection class
APC
class of arc thermal protection of a product tested in accordance with the
box test method
Note 1 to entry: The arc protection class is characterized by the test energy level of arc exposure (arc energy and
incident energy).
Note 2 to entry: The box test method defines two arc protection classes APC 1 and APC 2.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-651:2022,651-27-03]

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SIST EN IEC 62819:2023
IEC 62819:2022 © IEC 2022 – 9 –
3.1.2
arc rating
quantity, attributed to a product, that describes the protective performance
when tested in accordance with the open arc test
Note 1 to entry: The arc rating can be the arc thermal performance value (ATPV), the breakopen threshold energy
(EBT) or the incident energy limit (ELIM).
2 2
Note 2 to entry: The arc rating values are expressed in kJ/m (cal/cm ).
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-651:2022, 651-27-04]
3.1.3
arc thermal performance value
ATPV
quantity of incident energy attributed to a product that describes its
properties of attenuating the thermal effect of energy generated by an open arc
Note 1 to entry: The ATPV of a product is calculated in principle using l
...

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